Salt solutions, chemistry

Tanford, Charles. The electrostatic free energy of globular protein ions in aqueous salt solution. Journal of Physical Chemistry 59 (1955) 788-793. 

Stigter, D, Electrophoresis of Highly Charged Colloidal Cylinders in Univalent Salt Solutions. 2. Random Orientation in External Field and Application to Polyelectrolytes, Journal of Physical Chemistry 82, 1424, 1978. 

Stigter, D, Kinetic Charge of Colloidal Electrolytes from Conductance and Electrophoresis. Detergent Micelles, Poly(methacrylates), and DNA in Univalent Salt Solutions, Journal of Physical Chemistry 83, 1670, 1979. 

Hussey, C. L., The Electrochemistry of Room-Temperature Haloaluminate Molten Salts, in Chemistry of Nonaqueous Solutions, G. Mamantov and A. I. Popov, Editors. 1994, YCH Publishers New York. p. 227. 

We found no evidence for isomerization of the a,6-dialkoxy-alkylidene complexes CpFe(C0)L[C(0Et)CH20R] (9,, 15) to alkylated carboalkoxymethyl salts CpFe(C0)L(CH2C(OR)(OEt) ) under ambient conditions. Indeed the solution chemistry of a,6-dialkoxyethylidene complexes parallels that of a-alkoxyethylidene compounds CpFe(C0)L[C(0R)CH3]+, in that 9,14,15 quantitatively revert to 5-7 upon treatment with excess io3i3e in CH2C12. We did, however, prepare samples of the ethylated carboalkoxymethyl... 

In materials chemistry, nanoparticles of noble metals are an original family of compounds. Well-defined in terms of their size, structure and composition, zero-valent transition-metal colloids provide considerable current interest in a variety of applications. Here, the main interest is their application in catalysis. Zerovalent nanocatalysts can be generated in various media (aqueous, organic, or mixture) from two strategic approaches according to the nature of the precursor, namely (i) mild chemical reduction of transition-metal salt solutions and (ii) metal atom... 

Although it has been known since the early days of diazo chemistry that arenediazonium salt solutions are sensitive to light, photolytic dediazoniations have only marginal importance in organic synthesis. The recent successful photolytic fluoro-de-diazoniations of Yoneda and coworkers132 were discussed in Section III.C. 

Lynen had studied chemistry in Munich under Wieland his skill as a chemist led to the successful synthesis of a number of fatty acyl CoA derivatives which proved to be substrates in the catabolic pathway. Many of these C=0 or C=C compounds had characteristic UV absorption spectra so that enzyme reactions utilizing them could be followed spectrophotometrically. This technique was also used to identify and monitor the flavoprotein and pyridine nucleotide-dependent steps. Independent evidence for the pathway was provided by Barker, Stadtman and their colleagues using Clostridium kluyveri. Once the outline of the degradation had been proposed the individual steps of the reactions were analyzed very rapidly by Lynen, Green, and Ochoa s groups using in the main acetone-dried powders from mitochondria, which, when extracted with dilute salt solutions, contained all the enzymes of the fatty acid oxidation system. 

The carbonyl platinum anions, [Pt3(CO)6]2, (n = 1-6,10) were first synthesized and characterized by Chini and coworkers1 3. They obtained these compounds by reaction of Pt(IV) or Pt(II) salts at room temperature with bases such as sodium hydroxide or sodium acetate under a carbon monoxide atmosphere. The product composition is quite sensitive to the Pt-base ratio, reaction time, and reaction conditions. As a consequence of this sensitivity, product mixtures with An = 1 are usually obtained, which are separable only with difficulty by fractional crystallization. Interest in this series of compounds for (a) their unique redox solution chemistry, (b) their use as precursors for higher nuclearity carbonyl platinum anions,4 and (c) their use as precursors for novel supported Pt catalysts5 8 prompted efforts to develop... 

Now back to our alien autopsy. As it turns out, the creature is just a sophisticated super slurper. His flesh is made of acrylic polymers (partially hydrolyzed acrylonitrile, for those of you interested in the nitty gritty details), which have been chemically linked to starch to achieve just the right gooey consistency when swollen with water. By immersing the super slurper in a salt solution, we can produce a deflating effect. The alien withers away, but I hope his chemistry is no longer alien. 

Rh compounds exhibit valences of 2, 3, 4, and 6. The tnvalent form is by far the most stable. When Rh is heated in air, it becomes coated with a film of oxide. Rhodium(III) oxide, Rh Os, can be prepared by heating the finely divided metal or its nitrate in air or O2. The rhodium IV) oxide is also known. Rhodium trihydroxide may be precipitated as a yellow compound by adding the stoichiometric amount of KOH to a solution of RhCb. The hydroxide is soluble in adds and excess base. When the freshly precipitated Rh(OH) is dissolved in HC1 at a controlled pH, a yellow solution is first obtained in which the aquochloro complex of Rh behaves as a cation. The hexachlororhodatetHI) anion is formed when the solution is boiled for 1 hour with excess HC1. The solution chemistry of RI1CI3 is often very complex. Two trichlorides of Rh aie known The trichloride formed by high-temperature combination of the elements is a red, crystalline, nonvolatile compound, insoluble in all aads. When Rh is heated in molten NaCl and treated with Clo, Na RJiClg is formed, a soluble salt that forms a hydrate in solution. Rhodium(III) iodide is formed by the addition of KI to a hot solution of tnvalent Rh. 

Although the exact extentis not known accurately, hydrolysis of various salts is known to occur. Since the hydroxide is not precipitated it is assumed that the hydrolysis product is some ion on the form Th(OH)2++ orThOHJ+. The solution chemistry of thonum is made more complicated because of the hydrolytic phenomena observed and the polynuclear complex ions that are formed at low acidities and higher thorium concentrations. 

As early as 1969, Pedersen was intrigued by the intense blue colour observed upon dissolution of small quantities of sodium or potassium metal in coordinating organic solvents in the presence of crown ethers. Indeed, the history of alkali metal (as opposed to metal cation) solution chemistry may be traced back to an 1808 entry in the notebook of Sir Humphry Davy, concerning the blue or bronze colour of potassium-liquid ammonia solutions. This blue colour is attributed to the presence of a solvated form of free electrons. It is also observed upon dissolution of sodium metal in liquid ammonia, and is a useful reagent for dissolving metal reductions , such as the selective reduction of arenes to 1,4-dienes (Birch reduction). Alkali metal solutions in the presence of crown ethers and cryptands in etheric solvents are now used extensively in this context. The full characterisation of these intriguing materials had to wait until 1983, however, when the first X-ray crystal structure of an electride salt (a cation with an electron as the counter anion) was obtained by James L. Dye and... 

Subject areas for the Series include solutions of electrolytes, liquid mixtures, chemical equilibria in solution, acid-base equilibria, vapour-liquid equilibria, liquid-liquid equilibria, solid-liquid equilibria, equilibria in analytical chemistry, dissolution of gases in liquids, dissolution and precipitation, solubility in cryogenic solvents, molten salt systems, solubility measurement techniques, solid solutions, reactions within the solid phase, ion transport reactions away from the interface (i.e. in homogeneous, bulk systems), liquid crystalline systems, solutions of macrocyclic compounds (including macrocyclic electrolytes), polymer systems, molecular dynamic simulations, structural chemistry of liquids and solutions, predictive techniques for properties of solutions, complex and multi-component solutions applications, of solution chemistry to materials and metallurgy (oxide solutions, alloys, mattes etc.), medical aspects of solubility, and environmental issues involving solution phenomena and homogeneous component phenomena. 

---