Salt multicomponent

Natarajan et al. [56] discussed the optimization of ion-exchange displacement separations of proteins by using numerical solutions of the soHd-fUm linear driving force model. The equilibrium isotherms of the protein-salt multicomponent... 

EXA (exact) search retrieves the input stmcture and its stereoisomers, homopolymers, ions, radicals, and isotopicaHy labeled compounds. EAM (family) search retrieves the same stmctures as EXA, plus multicomponent compounds, copolymers, addition compounds, mixtures, and salts. SSS (substmcture) search uses a range of possible substituents and bonds in the input stmcture. CSS (closed substmcture) search is a more restrictive... 

Calcination or dead burning is used extensively to dehydrate cements (qv) and hygroscopic materials such as MgO, and to produce a less water sensitive product. Calcination is also used to decompose metal salts to base oxides and to produce multicomponent or mixed oxide powders for... 

A -(l-Haloalkyl)pyridinium halides have been advantageously employed in the Hantzsch multicomponent synthesis, yielding alkyl 1,4-dihydropyri-dine-3,5-dicarboxylates, which are a well-known class of calcium channel modulators (81AGE762). Tire halides readily interact with an excess of an ethyl 3-aminobut-2-enoate 82 (R = H) in dichloromethane at room temperature to afford the heterocycles 83 (R = H) in good to excellent yields (65-95%) (92T1263). Tliis observation has been exploited to perform a quantitative study of the reactivity of the salts (93CB1251).Tlie results have... 

In another type of multicomponent photoinitiating system, Okimato and colleage [52] have investigated the Fe -salt/saccharide (SH) system for the photoinitiation... 

Very little work has been done in this area. Even electrolyte transport has not been well characterized for multicomponent electrolyte systems. Multicomponent electrochemical transport theory [36] has not been applied to transport in lithium-ion electrolytes, even though these electrolytes consist of a blend of solvents. It is easy to imagine that ions are preferentially solvated and ion transport causes changes in solvent composition near the electrodes. Still, even the most sophisticated mathematical models [37] model transport as a binary salt. 

Various multicomponent systems have also been described. Three component systems in which a second reducing agent (eg. sulfite) acts to recycle the transition metal salt, have the advantage that less metal is used (Scheme 3.43). 

A family of interesting polycychc systems 106 related to pyrrolidines was obtained in a one-pot double intermolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, irradiating derivatives of o-allyl-sahcylaldehydes with microwaves in toluene for 10 min in presence of the TEA salt of glycine esters [71]. A very similar approach was previously proposed by Bashiardes and co-workers to obtain a one-pot multicomponent synthesis of benzopyrano-pyrrolidines 107 and pyrrole products 108 (Scheme 37). The latter cycloadducts were obtained when o-propargylic benzaldehydes were utihzed instead of o-allyhc benzalde-hydes, followed by in situ oxidation [72]. 

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) molten salts database has been designed to provide engineers and scientists with rapid access to critically evaluated data for inorganic salts in the molten state. Properties include density, viscosity, electrical conductance, and surface tension. Properties for approximately 320 single salts and 4000 multicomponent systems are included, the latter being primarily binary. Data have been abstracted from the literature over the period 1890-1990. The primary data sources are the National Bureau of Standards-National... 

In crystallization from solution, as in the manufacture of salt from brine, the liquid phase is multicomponent, having one or more solvents and one or more solutes. Here both temperature and concentration are determining factors. 

Many electrochemical devices and plants (chemical power sources, electrolyzers, and others) contain electrolytes which are melts of various metal halides (particularly chlorides), also nitrates, carbonates, and certain other salts with melting points between 150 and 1500°C. The salt melts can be single- (neat) or multicomponent (i.e., consist of mixtures of several salts, for their lower melting points in the eutectic region). Melts are highly valuable as electrolytes, since processes can be realized in them at high temperatures that would be too slow at ordinary temperatures or which yield products that are unstable in aqueous solutions (e.g., electrolytic production of the alkali metals). 

Direct Chemical or Electrochemical Deposition of the Disperse Catalyst This method of direct deposition from a solution of its salt on a suitable conducting substrate is simpler and more practical than the preparation of electrodes from the hnished powders. It has the merit of being able to provide better contact between the catalyst and substrate, and multicomponent metal catalysts can be deposited from a solution containing a mixture of salts of several metals. 

A different approach toward highly substituted pyrroles involving a one-pot sila-Stetter/Paal-Knorr strategy was realized by Bharadwaj and Scheidt (Scheme 6.182) [343]. In this multicomponent synthesis, catalyzed by a thiazolium salt, an acyl anion conjugate addition reaction of an acylsilane (sila-Stetter) was coupled in situ with the conventional Paal-Knorr approach. Employing microwave conditions at 160 °C for 15 min, the acylsilane was combined with the cx/l-unsaturated ketone in... 

This model was shown to be applicable for describing moisture uptake kinetics (in vacuum) above RH0 for single-component systems of alkali halides, sugars, and choline salts [31]. The model later was extended to consider the moisture uptake kinetics above RH0 for multicomponent systems of these substances [33]. 

Typically, a binary system was selected as the base component of the recipe and the addition of polyelectrolytes to either side (core or receiving bath) was tested to evaluate the change in the capsule properties. The 33 successful multicomponent membrane systems are presented in Table 1. The components of the core material side (21 different chemical compositions) are listed in the first column, while the receiving bath components (20 different chemical compositions) are listed in the second column. With the exception of xanthan and CMC, the first polymer listed on the core side are gelling polymers which form beads with the appropriate ionotropic cation (salt). CMC can also be gelled by ions (alum), although they are considered to be non-compatible for cellular applications. The cations were tested both sequentially, usually with ionotropic cation first, and simultaneously. Walled capsules with adequate mechanical properties were often obtained through the simultaneous application of two polycations. Such a... 

The typical system for which the equilibrium composition is desired however does not contain a single salt in solution but more usually the equivalent of several salts in solution. In addition, the activities required in equilibrium expressions arising from the law of mass action are single ion activities or in general, single ion activity coefficients. And, we are interested in the ionic activity coefficeint of each species in a multicomponent system. 

A common failing of earlier work on multicomponent solutions was to consider the 3R,x to be a constant for each salt. As Bromley (5) pointed out, the equations developed from the... 

For multicomponent salt solutions, the integration of equation (13) can be quite horrendous and Meissner and Kusik (8 ) proposed a simplication which is exact for solutions containing... 

Zdanovskii, A. B. Solov eva, E. F. Lyakhovskaya, E. I. "Three Component Systems. Books 1 and 2" in "Handbook of Experimental Data on Solubility of Multicomponent Water-Salt Systems" Vol. 1, Khimiya, Leningrad Otd., Leningrad, USSR, 1973. 

Vega and Funk (59) Prediction of solid-liquid equilibria in multicomponent salt systems based on parameters estimated from binary and ternary systems. 

Activity Coefficients at High Concentrations in Multicomponent Salt Systems... 

Understanding of phase behavior in concentrated salts systems requires liquid-phase activity coefficients for the electrolytes and for water in the multicomponent system. 

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