Salt, Common Glauber

Henri-Louis du Hamel (or Duhamel) du Monceau, 1700—1782. French chemist and agriculturist who proved in 1736 that the mineral alkali (soda) is a constituent of common salt, of Glauber s salt, and of borax With his brother, M. de Denarn-villiers, he carried out important experiments in plant nutrition on their estate... 

One of the features of POMOFIX G48 is its high tolerance to common salt or Glauber s salt, phosphates, etc. Most fixing agents have a low tolerance to these conditions, whereas POMOFIX G 48 will perform well under the same conditions. 

These dyes require only about 2-20 g/L of salt, typically common salt or Glauber s salt. Dyebath exhaustion is typically 85% or better, if proper temperature and salt concentrations are used. 

In the days of alchemy and the phlogiston theory, no system of nomenclature that would be considered logical ia the 1990s was possible. Names were not based on composition, but on historical association, eg, Glauber s salt for sodium sulfate decahydrate and Epsom salt for magnesium sulfate physical characteristics, eg, spirit of wiae for ethanol, oil of vitriol for sulfuric acid, butter of antimony for antimony trichloride, Hver of sulfur for potassium sulfide, and cream of tartar for potassium hydrogen tartrate or physiological behavior, eg, caustic soda for sodium hydroxide. Some of these common or trivial names persist, especially ia the nonchemical Hterature. Such names were a necessity at the time they were iatroduced because the concept of molecular stmcture had not been developed, and even elemental composition was incomplete or iadeterminate for many substances. 

Recovery Process. The process for making sodium sulfate [7757-82-6] is different at each faciUty extracting it from brine. One step common to all facihties is a cooling step to form Glauber s salt followed by a purification and recrystallization step to form anhydrous sodium sulfate. 

Basilus Valentinus of Italy was first to isolate the acid and reported it under the name spiritus sabs in the fifteenth century. Glauber prepared this acid by the reaction of sulfuric acid with common salt in 1648. Lavoisier proposed the name muriatic acid in 1789 after muriate, the term referring to a chlorine-containing inorganic substance. Sir Humphrey Davy proved the gas was composed of only hydrogen and chlorine in 1810. Subsequently, the gas was named hydrogen chloride. 

Aqua Regia. Geber described the preparation of nitric acid (aqua fortis) in his De inventione veritatis, and added that, if one adds sal ammoniac to this acid it becomes a more powerful solvent (5, 16). Raymond Lully (Raimundo Lulio) and Albert the Great (St. Albert) prepared it in the same way. By the time the writings attributed to Basil Valentine were published, hydrochloric acid (acid of salt) was known, this work describes the preparation of aqua regia by mixing three parts of hydrochloric acid with one part of nitric acid (16,17). J. R. Glauber prepared it from common salt and nitric acid and from saltpeter and hydrochloric acid (18). 

Long before sodium and potassium metals were isolated, many of their compounds were in common use. Among the most important of these were potash (potassium carbonate), cream of tartar, saltpeter, alum, common salt, Glaubers salt, and soda (sodium carbonate). Both potash and soda have been used since ancient times in the manufacture of glass. 

Although the acidic constituent of common salt was already known, the nature of its basic constituent was still a matter of conjecture. Soda, natrum, and borax, wrote du Hamel in 1736, give with vitriolic acid Glauber s salt, with acid of saltpeter, cubic saltpeter [sodium nitrate] and with acid of salt, a kind of sea salt. Does this not permit one to decide as to the base of die sea salt (46). 

These properties of the sal-mirabile agree with those of sodium sulphate, though the description of the preparation of the salt is vague—from common salt by aid of fire and water. Nevertheless, all later writers identify his sal-mirabile with the salt now known as sodium sulphate. The powers that Glauber attributes to this salt are absurdly... 

Arsenic Trichloride, AsC13, was discovered in 1648 by Glauber,4 who obtained it by heating in a retort a mixture of white arsenic, common salt and sulphuric acid a thick oil, which he designated butter of arsenic, collected in the receiver.5 The compound is produced in many reactions and is usually formed when arsenic and its compounds are... 

Mordant is a compound that is combined with dye to make it fast or less likely to lade. Some mordants contain metallic salts that can change or enhance the dye color. Compounds commonly used as mordants include alum, Glauber s salts, tannic acid, tin (stannous chloride), and copperas (iron sulfate). 

Non-ionics are characterised by its cloud point. It is the temperature at which 1.0% solution of non-ionic surfactants, become cloudy or insoluble. The larger the number of ethylene oxide molecules in the product, higher is the cloud point. The exception to this rule is a non-ionic that is co-reacted or capped, with propylene oxide. Another method of overcoming the problem of cloud point is to blend the non-ionic with an anionic such as a soap, a sulphonate or a phosphate. The cloud point of non-ionic surfactant solution can be depressed by the addition of an electrolyte like common salt, Glauber s salt etc. 

Salts are the products of the acid-base neutralisation reaction. The salts used most in textile wet processes are common salt (NaCl, sodium chloride) and Glauber s salt (Na SO, sodium sulphate). The content analysis of salts is usually conducted by using a precipitation titration method which may be followed by fdtering and weighing procedures to obtain the final results. 

If desired, Glauber s salt crystals can be substituted when, to allow for tlic water of crystallization, two pounds are required to replace each pound of common salt. 

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