Salmonella typhimurium mixture

Sengun, I.Y. and Karapinar, M. (2004) Effectiveness of lemon juice, vinegar and their mixture in the elimination of Salmonella Typhimurium on carrots (Daucus carota L.) . International Journal of Food Microbiology, 96, 301-305. 

Three primary tests are incorporated in the health effects area. The microbial mutagenesis assay is based on the property of selected Salmonella typhimurium mutants to revert from a histidine requiring state to prototrophy due to exposre to various classes of mutagens. The test can detect nanogram quantities of mutagens and has been adapted to mimic some mammalian metabolic processes by the addition of a mammalian liver microsomal fraction. The test is used as a primary screen to determine the mutagenic activity of complex mixtures or component fractions. 

Analysis of the complex mixtures of gaseous and/or particulate POM in primary emissions or ambient air is a daunting task, given the huge numbers of species and the small concentrations. The development of the Salmonella typhimurium assay has helped to direct such analysis through the technique of bioassay-directed chemical analysis. 

The derivative (9) of 3,6-dideoxy-a-D-xyIo-hexopyranose (abequose) was isolated from a strain of Salmonella typhimurium,16 that (10) of 3,6-dideoxy-a-D-nfco-hexopyranose (paratose) from Salmonella paratyphi,54 and a mixture of 10 and the ester (11) of 3,6-dideoxy-a-D-arabino-hexopyranose (tyvelose) from Salmonella enteritidis.,6 It was shown that these derivatives are formed from cytidine 5 -(a-D-glu-copyranosyl pyrophosphate) by treatment with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) in the presence of cell extracts of the respective bacterial strain. For example, formation of 9 is characteristic of preparations from Salmonella, group B,55,56 or Pasteurella pseudotuberculosis, type II.56 The derivative 10 was obtained with extracts of Salmonella, group A,56 and Pasteurella pseudotuberculosis, type I and III,56 and a mixture of 10 and 11 with those of Salmonella, group D,55-60 or Pasteurella pseudotuberculosis, type IV 56.59,60 Under similar conditions, the ester (12) of cytidine 5 -pyro-... 

Unless otherwise indicated, studies were carried out with an 80/20 mixture of 2,4/2,6-toluene diisocyanates. In one of two studies, toluene diisocyanate induced mutations in Salmonella typhimurium strains TAIOO, TAI 538, and TA98 in the presence of an exogenous metabolic activation system only. It induced sex-linked recessive lethal mutations in Drosophila in a single study. 

Figure 7. Dose-response curve of mutagenic effect of dialyzed fractions from browning mixture of Glc and Lys after heating at 100 C for 10 h. (Assay with Salmonella typhimurium TA 100 with or without S9 mixture.) Key , dialysate O, fraction A. retentate and A, fraction.

Somani, SM, Schaeffer, DJ, Mack, JO. 1981. Quantifying the toxic and mutagenic activity of complex mixtures with Salmonella typhimurium. J Toxicol Environ Health 7 643-653. 

Lewtas J, Claxton LD, Rosenkranz HS, et al. 1992. Design and implementation of a collaborative study of the mutagenicity of complex mixtures in Salmonella typhimurium. Mutat Res 276 3-9. 

The same 2-BDB-TeA 2, 5 -DP was also found to inactivate the NADP -specific glutamate dehydrogenase from Salmonella typhimurium. The rate of inactivation exhibited a nonlinear dependence on the reagent concentration, indicative of reversible binding prior to irreversible modification (J9). The presence of NADPH or NADP in the reaction mixture completely prevented inactivation, suggesting that 2-BDB-TcA 2, 5 -DP also functioned as an affinity label of the coenzyme site in this NADP -specific dehydrogenase. 

A1 Tarazi and Alshawabkeh (2003) reported that a mixture of dietary formie and propionic acids (total concentration 2% or more in the diet) for of newly hatehed infected layer chicks significantly decreased the crop and caecal population of Salmonella pullorum and reduced mortality. Iba and Berchieri (1995) carried out experiments on the antibacterial effects of a commercial formic acid-propionic acid mixture against different salmonella serotypes, using a dosage of 0.2% in diets. After 28 days of storage, the bactericidal effect in feed was still considerable. Chickens reared on the treated feed that had been artificially contaminated with Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium showed no contamination in caecal contents. 

Porto-Fett, A. C. S., Hwang, C.-A., Call, J. E., Juneja, V. K., Ingham, S. C., Ingham, B. H., et al. (2008). Viabihty of multi-strain mixtures of Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, or Escherichia coli 0157 H7 inoculated into the batter or onto the surface of a soudjouk-style fermented semi-dry sausage. Food Microbiology, 25, 793-801. 

Shinohara, K. Wu, R-T. Jahan, N. Tanaka, M. Morinaga, N. Murakami, H. Omura, H. Mutagenicity of the browning mixtures by amino-carbonyl reactions on Salmonella Typhimurium. TA 100. Agric. Biol. Chem. 1980,44, 671-672. 

Bisphenol A (BPA), an endociine-disrupting chemical, is commonly found in food packaging and can coatings. Nitrate is found in vegetables, fish, and in potable water as a pollutant. Bisphenol A alone did not exhibit mutagenicity toward Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 98 and TA 100 after incubation at pH 3.0 to simulate human stomach conditions. When nitrate was added to bisphenol A, however, the mixture showed strong mutagenic activity [107]. 

While the USEPA report cited some evidence of T-cell-independent and -dependent immunity in mice injected with a mixture of PAHs that included 2-methylnaphthalene, is was not clear if the effects were due to 2-methylnaph-thalene or other PAHs in the mixture. The USEPA report noted there was no evidence of 2-methylnaphthalene s mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium bacterial mutation tests. The USEPA report also stated that there was a lack of information on many toxicological endpoints for 2-methylnaphthalene, including little information on its developmental, reproductive, or neurological toxicity, as well as no available toxicology data on humans exposed to this chemical via an oral route (USEPA 2003). Overall, the USEPA reported concluded that the primary effect of 2-methylnaphthalene exposure is pulmonary toxicity (from studies in mice), though it is not known if the parent compound or metabolites are responsible for the observed pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. 

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