Salmonella paratyphi

PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES AND CLINICAL TRIALS Antibacterial activity. Alcohol extract of black tea, assayed on Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A, was active on all strains of Salmonella paratyphi A, and only 42.19% of Salmonella typhi strains were inhibited hy the extract ". Ffot water extract of the dried entire plant and the tannin fraction, on agar plate, were active on Escherichia coli. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. ... 

The derivative (9) of 3,6-dideoxy-a-D-xyIo-hexopyranose (abequose) was isolated from a strain of Salmonella typhimurium,16 that (10) of 3,6-dideoxy-a-D-nfco-hexopyranose (paratose) from Salmonella paratyphi,54 and a mixture of 10 and the ester (11) of 3,6-dideoxy-a-D-arabino-hexopyranose (tyvelose) from Salmonella enteritidis.,6 It was shown that these derivatives are formed from cytidine 5 -(a-D-glu-copyranosyl pyrophosphate) by treatment with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) in the presence of cell extracts of the respective bacterial strain. For example, formation of 9 is characteristic of preparations from Salmonella, group B,55,56 or Pasteurella pseudotuberculosis, type II.56 The derivative 10 was obtained with extracts of Salmonella, group A,56 and Pasteurella pseudotuberculosis, type I and III,56 and a mixture of 10 and 11 with those of Salmonella, group D,55-60 or Pasteurella pseudotuberculosis, type IV 56.59,60 Under similar conditions, the ester (12) of cytidine 5 -pyro-... 

Salmonella paratyphi A NCTC 1, A NCTC 2, B NCTC 5 3 Dr. Joan Taylor, Salmonella Reference Laboratory, London... 

A fifth sugar of this series, paratose, was found in the specific polysaccharide of Salmonella paratyphi A. This sugar was identified as 3,6-dideoxy-D-rtbo-hexose by comparison with a sample synthesized from 3-deoxy-D- glucose as described above. A member of the fourth configuration, 3,6-dideoxy-L-lj/xo-hexose, has now also been synthesized, but neither the D nor the l form of this configuration has yet been found in natural products. 

In another study of Salmonella typhosa and Salmonella paratyphi B antisera, which used their ability to precipitate various polysaccharides of known or partly known structure, quite different conclusions were arrived at in each of these polysaccharides, both D-galactose and D-mannose were considered to be present as nonreducing end-groups. ... 

Alfalfa seeds are readily infected and there have been numerous reports of infections arising from the consumption of alfalfa sprouts grown from contaminated seeds. The most common infections are with Salmonella species, including Salmonella enterica (50), Salmonella havana (51), Salmonella kottbus (52,53), Salmonella mbandaka (54), Salmonella muenchen (55), Salmonella paratyphi (56), Salmonella Stanley (57), and other serotypes (58,59). Occasionally, other organisms occur, such as Listeria (60) and Escherichia coli (61,62). 

Stratton J, Stefaniw L, Grimsrud K, Werker DH, Ellis A, Ashton E, Chui L, Blewett E, Ahmed R, Clark C, Rodgers F, Trottier L, Jensen B. Outbreak of Salmonella paratyphi B var java due to contaminated alfalfa sprouts in Alberta, British Columbia and Saskatchewan. Can Commun Dis Rep 2001 27(16) 133-7. 

Salmonella typhi organisms affect the reticuloendothelial system through cytokine release and spread to the liver, spleen and bone marrow. The entrance into the bloodstream in the bacteremic phase following the intestinal phase, results in focal disease in spleen, endocardium, liver and gallbladder. This leads to a carrier state since Salmonella typhi or Salmonella paratyphi are secreted in the bile and through the enterohepatic circulation enter the intestine propagating infection through the carrier state. 

In general, infection with Salmonella paratyphi elicits a localized immune response, whereas Salmonella typhi and other virulent strains elicit a major immune response with tissue invasion via lymphatics and capillaries. 

The liver enzyme is subject to feedback inhibition by UDP-2-acet-amido-2-deoxy-D-glucose (UDP-GlcNAc).436 Komfeld434 and Winter-bum and Phelps437,438 further showed the presence of feedback inhibition of the amidotransferase in other mammalian tissues, as well as the absence of inhibition in Salmonella paratyphi, B. subtilis, andE. coli. UDP-GlcNAc binds to an enzyme site distinct from the active site.434,439... 

The biological filter reduces the level of Salmonella paratyphi B84 by 99%, Mycobacterium tuberculosis by 66%, total coliforms by 85 to 99%, enteric virus by 40 to 60% and cysts of Entamoeba histolytica by 88 to 99%. 

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