Salinity hormones

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH, foilitropin) [9002-68-0] Mr 36,000. Purified by Sephadex GlOO gel filtration followed by carboxymethyl-cellulose with NH4OAC pH 5.5. The latter separates luteinising hormone from FSH. Solubility in H2O is 0.5%. It has an isoelectric point of 4.5. A soln of Img in saline (lOOmL) can be kept at 60° for 0.5h. Activity is retained in a soln at pH 7-8 for 0.5h at 75°. The activity of a 50% aq EtOH soln is destroyed at 60° in 15 min. [Bloomfield et al. Biochim Biophys Acta 533 371 1978 Hartree Biochem J100 754 1966 Pierce and Parsons Ann Rev Biochem 50 465 1981.]... 

Photosynthesis and gas exchange of leaves are affected by many stresses including drought, flooding, salinity, chilling, high temperature, soil compaction and inadequate nutrition. Many, but not all, of these stresses have symptoms in common. For example, stomatal conductance and the rate of assimilation of CO2 per unit leaf area often decrease when stress occurs. Further, it is possible that several of the stresses may exert their effects, in part, by increasing the levels of the hormone abscisic acid (ABA) in the leaf epidermis. This hormone is known to close stomata when applied to leaves. 

Fig. 5.8(b) VN-x and releasing hormone effects on female receptive behaviour facilitation by LHRH and latency to tactile induction of lordosis in hamster (latency duration, sec.). LHRH restores responsiveness over saline control (from Mackay-Sim and Rose, 1986). 

Primary therapy is based on disease severity and type of hemorrhage.7 Most patients with mild to moderate disease and a minor bleeding episode can be treated with l-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin [desmopressin acetate (DDAVP)], a synthetic analog of the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin. DDAVP causes release of von Willebrand factor (vWF) and factor VIII from endogenous storage sites. This formulation increases plasma factor VIII levels by three- to fivefold within 30 minutes. The recommended dose is 0.3 mcg/kg intravenously (in 50 mL normal saline infused over 15 to 30 minutes) or subcutaneously or 300 meg intranasally via concentrated nasal spray every 12 hours. Peak effect with intranasal administration occurs 60 to 90 minutes after administration, which is somewhat later than with intravenous administration. Desmopressin infusion may be administered daily for up to 2 to 3 days. Tachyphylaxis, an attenuated response with repeated administration, may occur after several doses.8... 

A 74-year-old man with rheumatoid arthritis developed nausea and headache 1.5 months after starting to take mizoribine. His serum sodium concentration fell to 118 mmol/1, but his urinary sodium excretion was normal and there was no hypotension or hemoconcentration. His serum antidiuretic hormone concentration was raised at 0.59 pg/ml in spite of a reduced serum osmolality to 254 mosm/kg. He had no organic disease likely to cause SIADH. Despite infusion of hypertonic saline, his serum sodium concentration did not return to normal. Shortly after mizoribine withdrawal, his serum sodium increased... 

Pituitary activity is absolutely central to osmoregulation, and hypophy-sectomy destroys the ability of fish to adapt to a change in salinity. The prolactin is synthesized in, and is secreted by, the pituitary, which also secretes adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), which, in turn, stimulates the adrenals to produce cortisol. The level of ACTH in the plasma is therefore raised when fish are in sea water (Nichols and Fleming, 1990). The pituitary also secretes growth hormone into the blood plasma in sea water (Yada and Hirano, 1992 rainbow trout) but its role is not clear in the present context. 

There does appear to be some connection between the hormones of the thyroid gland and the salinity of the medium. However, it is far from simple, and the situation has changed little since Henderson and Chester Jones (1974) concluded that the precise connection between thyroxine and osmoregulation was unclear, even suggesting that the hormone may influence the salinity preferred by the fish. 

Nichols, J.R. and Fleming, W.R. (1990). The effects of salinity, hypophysectomy and hormone administration on gill RNA metabolism of the eury haline teleost FurOdulus kansae. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 95A, 121-126. 

Parker, S.J. and Specker, J.L. (1990). Salinity and temperature effects on whole-animal thyroid hormone levels in larval and juvenile striped bass, Morone saxatilis. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 8,507-514. 

The Role of Abscisic Acid as a Stress Hormone. The role of ABA in water stress has been studied most extensively, although there is also evidence for involvement of ABA in other stresses such as salinity, mineral deficiency, high osmotic concentration, and water-logging. A review on the role of ABA in stress phenomena has appeared recently (18). 

Many treatment facilities at different locations were installed to produce water from wastewater for different uses. In some cases, MF membranes are used directly on strained wastewater to remove suspended particles that are too large for the gap between two membranes [30], Simple wastewater-treatment facilities in Europe exist along all large rivers. Secondary treated waters flowing into the rivers are again pumped at a distance of about 200 meters downstream, treated with active carbon and UF membranes, disinfected and then distributed to the system. This is wastewater treatment without an RO section due to the low salinity of the water. The process cannot handle dissolved medicines, hormones, drugs, and other contaminants that could be removed with RO or NF membranes. In some cases, NF membranes are used for better treatment of the water. Information on wastewater costing may be found in Adham et al. [31]. 

Fisher JD (1962) Adrenocorticotropin. In Dorfman RI (ed) Methods in Hormone Research, Vol II, Chapter 20. Academic Press, New York and London, pp 641-669 Rerup C (1958) The subcutaneous assay of corticotrophin A. II. The replacement of gelatine by saline. Acta Endocr (Kbh) 28 300-310... 

Milk Coagulation. The first step in cheese manufacture is the coagulation of milk. Traditionally, this coagulation step is catalyzed by the enzyme rennet. Rennet is a saline extract of the 4th stomach of calves, usually slaughtered before they are 30 days old. The principal protease in rennet is rennin. In an attempt to avoid confusion with the hormone peptide renin, the International Enzyme Nomenclature Committee has assigned the name chymosin to the protease in calf rennet. During the growth of calves, chymosin is replaced by pepsin, the acid protease of the mature stomach. 

Above, saline injected control animals below, adipokinetic hormone (200 pmoles/animal) injected. Reproduced with permission from Ref. 23. Copyright 1983 Academic Press. 

An 89-year-old man, who was taking aspirin 325 mg/ day, clopidogrel 75 mg/day, atenolol 25 mg/day, and lansoprazole 30 mg/day, developed depression and was given citalopram 20 mg/day (35). His depressive symptoms started to improve, but after 12 days he developed malaise, nausea, and headache. His serum sodium concentration had fallen from 138 mmol/1 before citalopram to 117 mmol/1. This was due to inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Citalopram was withdrawn, he was given intravenous saline, and 72 hours later his serum sodium was normal and his symptoms of malaise, nausea, and headache had resolved. However, his depressive symptoms worsened, so citalopram (20 mg/day) was restarted with close monitoring of the serum sodium. Within 2 days his serum sodium had fallen to 126 mmol/1. Citalopram was withdrawn and mirtazapine was used as an alternative antidepressant with good effect and without any reduction in serum sodium. 

Davies, J.A., Harrison, M.H., Cochrane, L.A., Edwards, R.J. Gibson, T.M. (1981) Effect of saline loading during heat acclimatization on adrenocortical hormone levels. J. Appl. Physiol. Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 50, 605-612. 

Pheromone production in females of many species of moths is controlled by a hormone, the pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN). PBAN was isolated from Helicoverpa Heliothls ) zea and identified as a 33 amino acid peptide. Amidation of the C-terminus is important for the biological activity of this hormone. Oxidation of two Met residues at postitions 5 and 14 enhanced pheromonotropic activity of PBAN. Stability of PBAN in saline can be increased by the substitution of Nle for Met at positions 5 and 14. Biological activity is mostly associated with brain-suboesophageal ganglion and corpora cardiaca of both female and male moths. Terminal abdominal ganglion does not appear to be directly involved in the control of pheromone production. PBAN is slowly degraded in hemolymph. Future possibilities of research on PBAN are discussed. 

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