Cortisol produce

Hematological effects Cortisol produces eosinophilia and causes the involution of lymphoid tissues. 

Steroid hormones are produced in the adrenal cortex and the sex glands. All such hormones originate from cholesterol. Figure 16.4 shows the overall scheme for steroid hormone biosynthesis that is applicable to all tissues. The final products may be divided into the following groups mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosterone), produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol), produced by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex and the... 

Cognitive performance and plasma cortisol were evaluated before and until 10 days after drug administration. Cortisol produced a dose-related reversible reduction in verbal declarative memory without effects on nonverbal memory, sustained or selective attention, or executive function. Exposure to cortisol at doses and plasma concentrations associated with physical and psychological stress in humans can reversibly reduce some elements of memory performance. 

Immobilization does not destroy hydroxylase activity. llg-Hydroxyla-tion of 17a,21-dihydroxy-pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione by Culvularia falcata supported in polyacrylamide has been reported.31 This flow procedure was coupled with a polyacrylamide-immobilized Al>2-dehydrogenase of Arthrobac-ter simplex so that the cortisol produced was converted directly into the more active corticoid, prednisolone. The Al 2-dehydrogenase of A. simplex has also been employed for resolving synthetic steroids and for determining their absolute configurations.32... 

Hydrocortisone (e.g., Hydrocort) PO/IV/IM. Chemically identical to cortisol produced by adrenal glands. Preferred drug for replacement therapy. Has weak mineralocorticoid effects. Short acting. 

Efforts toward producing synthetic steroids, particularly cortisol, expanded during World War II to enable researchers to explore the possibiUty of medicinal appHcations of corticosteroids. In 1948, the discovery that cortisone dramatically alleviates the symptoms of arthritis led to intensive research on the antiinflammatory properties of corticosteroids. The development of partial and total syntheses for the commercial preparation of cortisone, alternative methods for producing cortisone, and the search for more potent antiinflammatory analogues gready stimulated both academic and industrial steroid research. 

In another process, diosgenin is degraded to 16-dehydropregnenolone by chemical methods. Conversion of 16-dehydropregnenolone to 11-deoxycortisol (125) can be accompHshed in 11 chemical steps. These steps result in hydroxylations at C21 and C17, oxidation at C3, and to double-bond isomeri2ation (175). Microbial oxidation of (125) also produces cortisol (29). 

Another synthesis of the cortisol side chain from a C17-keto-steroid is shown in Figure 20. Treatment of a C3-protected steroid 3,3-ethanedyidimercapto-androst-4-ene-ll,17-dione [112743-82-5] (144) with a tnhaloacetate, 2inc, and a Lewis acid produces (145). Addition of a phenol and potassium carbonate to (145) in refluxing butanone yields the aryl vinyl ether (146). Concomitant reduction of the C20-ester and the Cll-ketone of (146) with lithium aluminum hydride forms (147). Deprotection of the C3-thioketal, followed by treatment of (148) with y /(7-chlotopetben2oic acid, produces epoxide (149). Hydrolysis of (149) under acidic conditions yields cortisol (29) (181). 

A third variation of this strategy has been appHed to an enantioselective total synthesis of cortisone. From an appropriately functionalized, scalemic hydrindan that possessed an 11-oxo-group and a masked corticoid side-chain, (+)-cortisol was produced in an 11-step total synthesis (213). 

An endocrine disorder first described by the British Physician Thomas Addison in the mid 1800 s. The adrenal glands fail to produce sufficient amounts of glucocorticoid hormones (cortisol) and sometime mineralocorticoid (aldosterone). If left untreated it is life-threatening, the patient will show muscle weakness, hyperpigmentation and even depression. Typical treatment is hydrocortisone replacement therapy. 

Mooradian (1993) has studied the antioxidant properties of 14 steroids in a non-membranous system in which the fluorescence of the protein phycoerythrin was measured in the presence of a lipid peroxyl radical generator (ABAP). Oxidation of the protein produces a fluorescent species. Quenching of fluorescence by a test compound indicates antioxidant activity. Oestrone, testosterone, progesterone, androstenedione, dehydroepian-drosterone, cortisol, tetrahydrocortisone, deoxycorti-... 

Adrenal hormone production is controlled by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is secreted by the hypothalamus and stimulates secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), also known as corticotropin from the anterior pituitary. ACTH, in turn, stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol. When sufficient or excessive cortisol levels are reached, a negative feedback is exerted on the secretion of CRH and ACTH, thereby decreasing overall cortisol production. The control of adrenal androgen synthesis also follows a similar negative-feedback mechanism. 

Adrenal insufficiency generally refers to the inability of the adrenal glands to produce adequate amounts of cortisol for normal physiologic functioning or in times of stress. The... 

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