Safety explosives in the

Bakharevich, Review of the Array of Safety Explosives in the Principal Coal-Extracting Countries , in the Collection Vzryvnoye Delo , No 50/17, GosGorTefchlzdat, Moscow... 

Center for Chemical Process Safety. Explosions in the Process Industries. New York American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 1994. 

Vanadyl trichloride (VOCI3) [7727-18-6] M 173.3, m-79.5°, b 124.5-125.5°/744mm, 127.16°/760mm, d 1.854, d 1.811. Should be lemon yellow in colour. If red it may contain VCI4 and CI2. Fractionally distil and then redistil over metallic Na but be careful to leave some residue because the residue can become EXPLOSIVE in the presence of the metal USE A SAFETY SHIELD and avoid contact with moisture. It readily hydrolyses to vanadic acid and HCl. Store in a tightly closed container or in sealed ampoules under N2. [Inorg Synth 1 106 1939, 4 80 1953.]... 

Vords, M., and G. Honti. 1974. Explosion of a liquid CO2 storage vessel in a carbon dioxide plant. First International Symposium on Loss Prevention arui Safety Promotion in the Process Industries. 

Hasegawa, K., and Sato, K. 1977. Study on the fireball following steam explosion of n-pentane. Second International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries, pp. 297-304. 

Harrison, A. J., and J. A. Eyre. 1986. Vapor cloud explosions—The effect of obstacles and jet ignition on the combustion of gas clouds, 5th Int. Symp. Proc. Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries. Cannes, France. 38 1, 38 13. 

Health and Safety Executive. 1986. The effect of explosions in the process industries. Loss Prevention Bulletin. 1986. 68 31-47. 

Van Wingerden, C. J. M. 1988a. Experimental investigation into the strength of blast waves generated by vapor cloud explosions in congested areas. 6th Int. Symp. Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries. Oslo, Norway, proceedings. 26 1-16. 

Most of the chloro-fluoro-refrigerants are nonflammable and nontoxic. Ammonia does not require explosion-proof equipment, hut it will hum and is toxic and somewhat difficult to handle. The hydrocarhons propylene, ethylene, and propane are explosive and somewhat toxic and must receive proper attention to safety, as in the design of a light hydrocarbon plant. 

LEL is the most important of the two limits. It is mostly useful when inflammable substances are handled in confined spaces (reservoirs, painting cabins, ovens etc). Detaiis of limits of inflammability are kept by chemical substance manufacturers who are required to mention them on safety sheets that have to be put at clients disposal. When compared with the equilibrium concentration determined as indicated before, LEL aiiows determination of whether a working environment presents a risk of explosion in the presence of a source of ignition. 

Other references include CCPS Guidelines for Engineering Design for Process Safety (Ref. 78) NFPA 68 Venting of Deflagrations (Ref. 79) NFPA 69 Explosion Prevention Systems (Ref. 80) NFPA 654 Prevention of Fire and Dust Explosions in the Chemical Dye, Pharmaceutical, and Plastics Industries (Ref. 81) and VDI 3673 Pressure Release of Dust Explosions (Ref. 82). 

This, and the cyanato and selenocyanato (pseudohalogen) analogues are explosive in the solid state, but may be handled with comparative safety. They are also sensitive to laser light. 

Hydrosilylation with 2,4,6,8-tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane has sometimes given uncontrollable exotherms or explosions in the laboratory. Use of safety screens and the lowest possible (<20 ppm) level of platinum catalyst are recommended. See VINYLSILOXANES... 

In the MBR, the applicator of plate steel was an important safety feature in the possible event of vessel rupture or explosion. Temperature and pressure measurements, stirring, infinitely variable control of microwave power input, the cold-finger, as well as a pressure relief valve, have all contributed significantly to the safety and reliability of the system. 

Distillation behind safety glass in a nitrogen atmosphere appears advisable in view of the nature of polynitro compounds although the submitters have not had an explosion in the preparation of 3,4-dinitro-3-hexene. 

First the acetic acid process was studied as a whole to find out if the alternative processes have differences in the safety on the conceptual (i.e. process) level. The search (Table 28) found cases for carbonylation and oxidation processes (Table 29). It can be seen that there has been explosions and fires on both types of plants. The explosion in the carbonylation plant was due to static electricity in... 

General References Crowl and Louvar, Chemical Process Safety Fundamentals with Applications, 2d ed., Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, N.J., 2002, Chaps. 6 and 7. Crowl, Understanding Explosions, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, 2003. Eckoff, Dust Explosions in the Process Industries, 2d ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, now Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1997. Kinney and Graham, Explosive Shocks in Air, 2d ed., Springer-Verlag, New York, 1985. Lewis and von Elbe, Combustion, Flames and Explosions of Gases, 3d ed., Academic Press, New York, 1987. Mannan, Lees Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 3d ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2005, Chap. 16 Fire, Chap. 17 Explosion. 

With proper safety precautions and operating procedures the occurrence of explosions in the vapor space of fixed roof storage tanks are a very rare event. A frequency estimate of an explosion once in every 1,000 years, per tank, has been stated. Explosive mixtures may exist in the vapor space of a tank unless precautions are taken. Any vapor will seek an ignition source, so prevention of ignition cannot be guaranteed. This is especially true with liquids that have low conductivity that... 

Incorporate safety features to preclude dust explosions in the DSHS. 

The requirement for an explosive train, that is, a primary explosive to initiate the secondary explosive, is a safety feature. In the past, people wishing to illegally use explosives usually had to steal the detonators (e.g., Timothy McVey). Consequently, the effective control of access to detonators has been widely regarded as a key pubhc safety measure by many governments and law enforcement agencies. However, recently, triacetone triperoxide (TATP) has been used as the primary explosive (e.g., Richard Reid s shoe bomb) and TATP is readily, although hazardously, synthesized from acetone, hydrogen peroxide, and acid. 

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