Safety carcinogenicity

GL28 Safety carcinogenicity Studies to evaluate the safety of residues of veterinary drug in human food carcinogenicity testing... 

National Institute of Occupational Health and Safety Carcinogens List (NIOSH)... 

US Brookhaven National Laboratory - Safety Health Services Chemical Management. Online. Available HTTP (accessed 5 April 2003). 

CIS information is used to generate a number of reports, including those for Emergency Planning, EPCRA, city, county, and State Air Quality information, DOE information requests, OSHA Process Safety, carcinogens, reproductive toxins, pollution prevention, and Information for the NEPA process. 

The carcinogenicity of nitrosamines has created widespread concern over the safety of food products that are significant sources of nitrates and nitrites. Nitrosamines are readily formed by reaction of secondary amines with nitrites at acid pH, conditions which may occur in the gastrointestinal tract. 

Health and Safety Factors. The Food and Dmg Administration Hsts carrageenan as GRAS, an approved food additive in 21 CFR 172.620. Numerous tests show that carrageenan is not ulcerogenic, teratogenetic, or carcinogenic (35). 

Health nd Safety Factors. Isophorone is considered moderately toxic by ingestion and skin contact. Some rat tumor formation evidence has been found (264), but no demonstration as a human carcinogen has been proven. Isophorone is considered an Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) priority pollutant, and has a permissible acute toxicity concentration of 117, 000 ///L to protect freshwater aquatic life, 12, 900 ///L to protect saltwater aquatic life, and 5, 200 ///L to protect human life (265). Isophorone is mildly toxic by inhalation, but because of its low volatiUty it is not a serious vapor hazard. 

Sihca and aluminosihcate fibers that have been exposed to temperatures above 1100°C undergo partial conversion to mullite and cristobaUte (1). Cristobahte is a form of crystalline siUca that can cause siUcosis, a form of pneumoconiosis. lARC has deterrnined that cristobaUte should be classified as 2A, a probable carcinogen. The amount of cristobahte formed, the size of the crystals, and the nature of the vitreous matrix in which they are embedded are time- and temperature-dependent. Under normal use conditions, refractory ceramic fibers are exposed to a temperature gradient, thus only the hottest surfaces of the material may contain appreciable cristobahte. Manufacturers Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) should be consulted prior to handling RCF materials. 

Health and Safety Factors. MSA is a strong toxic acid and is corrosive to skin. The acute oral toxicity of the sodium salt in mice LD q is 6.2 g/kg. The 1976 edition of the NIOSH Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances Hsts certain reaction products of MSA as having suspected mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic activity (410). 

Abbott Laboratories, which has conducted additional toxicity and carcinogenicity studies with cyclamate, a 10 1 mixture of cyclamate—saccharin, and cyclohexylamine, claimed to be unable to confirm the 1969 findings. Abbott then filed a food additive petition for cyclamate in 1973, which was denied by the FDA in 1980. In 1982, the Calorie Control Council and Abbott Laboratories filed a second food additive petition containing the results of additional safety studies (73). That petition was stiU pending as of 1996. Cyclamate is, however, allowed for use in any or all three categories, ie, food, beverage, and tabletop, in about 50 countries. Sweet n Low, known in the United States as a saccharin-based table-top sweetener, contains exclusively cyclamate in Canada. 

Safety is assessed by subjecting the antioxidant to a series of animal toxicity tests, eg, oral, inhalation, eye, and skin tests. Mutagenicity tests are also carried out to determine possible or potential carcinogenicity. Stabilizers are being granulated and Hquid products are receiving greater acceptance to minimize the inhalation of dust and to improve flow characteristics. 

When it approved the New Animal Drug AppHcation (NADA) of formalin, FDA ruled that use of formalin for fisheries was safe for humans and the environment. They ruled that effluents from fish treatments at 250 mg/L should be diluted 10 times and from egg treatments 75 times if 1,000 —2,000 mg/L were used (10,11). Before registering the compound, FDA also addressed carcinogenicity by stating it was not concerned about human exposure from either water or fish treated with formalin. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) has procedural guidelines that should protect workers from harm fill levels of formalin. Calculations based on treatment levels demonstrated that a fishery worker is exposed to not more than 0.117 mg/L formalin in the air, well below the levels estabUshed by the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration to protect workers. 

Ethylene dibromide is a suspected human carcinogen and worker exposure by all routes should be carefiiUy controUed to levels as low as reasonably achievable (67). Ethylene dibromide causes severe blistering of the skin if contact is prolonged. Eye contact with the Hquid will cause pain, irritation, and temporary impairment of vision. Recommended safety equipment includes safety goggles, a NIOSH approved canister-type gas mask for organic vapors, neoprene gloves, and neoprene overshoes. In case of contact with ethylene dibromide, contaminated clothing and shoes should be removed and eyes or skin washed with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Contaminated clothes should be washed before reuse and contaminated shoes should be discarded. 

J. Ashby and co-eds., Progress in Mutation Kesearch, Vol. 5, Evaluation of Short-Term Testsfor Carcinogens Teport of the International Programme on Chemical Safety s Collaborative Study In VitroMssays, Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1985, pp. 117—174. 

Health and Safety. Eree phenols may be present in phenoHc novolacs and resoles. Phenol [108-95-2] is poisonous and caustic, irritating the skin and mucous membranes. Eormaldehyde and ammonia [7764-41-7] are often emitted during the cure of novolacs and must be properly vented. Eormaldehyde is Hsted as a human carcinogen worker exposure and emissions are controUed by OSHA and the EPA. 

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