SAFETY ASPECTS OF DESIGN

Safety is always an important part of job training and especially so in a chlor-alkali plant. Trainees should be encouraged to pay close attention to the safety aspects of design and operation. One method recommended by King [7] is the use of job safety analysis (JSA). This isaformalized procedure in which analysts list the sequence ofbasic steps involved in a given task, consider the potential accidents that can occur, and then develop strategies and techniques of prevention. The National Safety Council of the United States [8] has developed standardized forms for JSA. 

Safety aspects of designs for future light water reactors 1993... 

Transportation should be considered when assessing risks associated with planned or existing plants. The design of new chemical processing units should include at the earliest opportunity a qualitative or quantitative risk assessment of the whole system including production, use, and transportation in order to minimize overall risk. A brief discussion of the inherent safety aspects of transportation is included in Chapter 5. 

Proof-of-efficacy trials these studies should provide, within a limited time frame and with a low-cost program, sufficient information for a go/no-go decision concerning efficacy and safety aspects of a new compound. The traditional approaches are Phase lib trials based on placebo-controlled dose-finding designs. These studies need relatively high power, which means the inclusion of several dozen to several hundred patients. 

The general safety aspects of high-pressure plants are presented in Chapter 7.1. The protective design of the various parts of a plant including the buildings is considered in detail together with testing procedures, safe plant operation, and inspection. 

While the nature of the analyses of data from therapeutic confirmatory clinical trials is relatively straightforward compared with those undertaken in earlier stages of clinical development, supreme care should again be taken in all aspects of design, methodology, and analysis, since only then can optimum quality data be used to provide optimum answers to well-constructed research questions. Chapter 10 noted that safety data are typically presented descriptively at this time but that this may change in due course. By the time that therapeutic confirmatory trials are conducted, there should be a small number of precisely asked research questions that address the efficacy of the drug. 

The U.S. EPA Design for Environment (DfE) program is in place to work in partnership with a broad range of stakeholders to better understand the environmental health and safety aspects of materials.92 One potential outcome of this is to reduce risk to people and the environment by preventing pollution. Three of the EPA s DfE programs include or are focused on flame-retardants. They include the following ... 

The safety aspects of ozonization—i.e., ozone, pyridine, and solvent toxicity, explosive nature of oxygen—hydrocarbon mixtures, etc., need to be considered in the design and running of any ozonization process, especially large scale operations. However, with the proper design and operating conditions the problems involved are surmountable. 

Because there is always risk when equipment, instrumentation, and human activity are involved, there is no method of making a plant completely safe. However, facilities can be made inherently safer by careful examination of all aspects of design and management, using modem techniques that are now available. If we are to improve our process safety performance and our public image, inherently safe process design coupled with inherently safe process management is imperative. 

The integration activities have been mainly related to heat and mass exchangers. However, there are many more popular applications related to integration of flowsheet creation with simultaneous consideration of safety aspects. The design of control system is also beginning to be integrated with process synthesis and... 

Czech Republic legislation which governs the safety aspects of siting, design, construction, commissioning, operation and decommissioning of nuclear facilities can be viewed as structured into the following two-level hierarchy ... 

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