S- -selectivity

A measure of a method s freedom from interferences as defined by the method s selectivity coefficient. 

Ibrahim and co-workers developed a new method for the quantitative analysis of hypoxanthine, a natural compound of some nucleic acids. " As part of their study they evaluated the method s selectivity for hypoxanthine in the presence of several possible interferents, including ascorbic acid. 

Even if a method is more selective for an interferent, it can be used to determine an analyte s concentration if the interferent s contribution to Sjamp is insignificant. The selectivity coefficient, Ka,i> was introduced in Chapter 3 as a means of characterizing a method s selectivity. 

When the analytical method s selectivity is insufficient, it may be necessary to separate the analyte from potential interferents. Such separations can take advantage of physical properties, such as size, mass or density, or chemical properties. Important examples of chemical separations include masking, distillation, and extractions. 

Creager and colleagues designed a salicylate ion-selective electrode using a PVC membrane impregnated with tetraalkylammonium salicylate. To determine the ion-selective electrode s selectivity coefficient for benzoate,... 

From equation 12.1 it is clear that resolution may be improved either by increasing Afr or by decreasing wa or w-q (Figure 12.9). We can increase Afr by enhancing the interaction of the solutes with the column or by increasing the column s selectivity for one of the solutes. Peak width is a kinetic effect associated with the solute s movement within and between the mobile phase and stationary phase. The effect is governed by several factors that are collectively called column efficiency. Each of these factors is considered in more detail in the following sections. 

The ratio of capacity factors for two solutes showing the column s selectivity for one of the solutes (a). 

Thisis commonly referred to as a salt splitting reaction. The resin s selectivity for Na" is greater than it is for H". Anions are removed in a similar manner with an anion-exchange resin. 

The Sugars Task Force s Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs recommended a daily consumption of sugars at 10% of total calories, which approximates current (11%) daily intake levels in the United States. At this level, sucrose does contribute to the development of dental caries however, no firm evidence exists that it causes dietary imbalances or deficiencies of vitamins (qv), minerals, or trace nutrients (62). 

H. G. Swinehart, ed.. Cutting ToolMatena/s Selection, American Society of Tool and Manufacturing Engineers (now the Society of Manufacturing Engineers (SME)), Dearborn, Mich., 1968. 

After the cmde BTX is formed, by reforming in this case, a heart cut is sent to extraction. Actually, the xylenes and heavier components are often sent to downstream processes without extraction. The toluene produced is converted to ben2ene, a more valuable petrochemical, by mnning it through a hydrodealkylation unit. This catalytic unit operates at 540—810°C with an excess of hydrogen. Another option is to disproportionate toluene or toluene plus aromatics to a mixture of ben2ene and xylenes using a process such as UOP s Tatoray or Mobil s Selective Toluene Disproportionation Process (STDP) (36). 

Porcine liver esterase (PLE) gives excellent enantioselectivity with both dimethyl 3-methylglutarate [19013-37-7] (lb) and malonate (2b) diester. It is apparent from Table 1 that the enzyme s selectivity strongly depends on the size of the alkyl group in the 2-position. The hydrolysis of ethyl derivative (2c) gives the S-enantiomer with 75% ee whereas the hydrolysis of heptyl derivative (2d) results in the R-monoester with 90% ee. Chymotrypsin [9004-07-3] (CT) does not discriminate glutarates that have small substituents in the 3-position well. However, when hydroxyl is replaced by the much bulkier benzyl derivative (Ic), enantioselectivity improves significantly. 

True sizing from scratch is impractical since a pressure balance on a channel-to-cnannel basis, from channel closest to inlet to furthest, must be achieved and when mixed plate angles are used this is quite a challenge. Computer sizing is not just a benefit, it is a necessity for supplier s selection. Averaging methods are recommended to perform any sizing calculations. 

It was found that utilization of QAS with increased steric accessibility of exchange center, containing nitrogen atom with three methyl substituents and one super lipophilic substituent, - tris(2,3,4-dodecyloxy)benzyl, - leads to dramatic, up to 7 orders, increase of ISE s selectivity towards sulfate in the presence of single-charged anions. Incorporation of hexyl 4-trifluoro-acetylbenzoate into membrane leads to additional substantial increase - up to 4 orders - in sulfate selectivity. 

A good catalyst is also stable. It must not deactivate at the high temperature levels (1300 to 1400°F) experienced in regenerators. It must also be resistant to contamination. While all catalysts are subject to contamination by certain metals, such as nickel, vanadium, and iron in extremely minute amounts, some are affected much more than others. While metal contaminants deactivate the catalyst slightly, this is not serious. The really important effect of the metals is that they destroy a catalyst s selectivity. The hydrogen and coke yields go up very rapidly, and the gasoline yield goes down. While Zeolite catalysts are not as sensitive to metals as 3A catalysts, they are more sensitive to the carbon level on the catalyst than 3A. Since all commercial catalysts are contaminated to some extent, it has been necessary to set up a measure that will reflect just how badly they are contaminated. 

Taking into account the high structural similarity of dppf and cdpp, their different influence on the reaction s selectivity has to be attributable to electronic effects. The electron density at the phosphorus atoms is significantly lower in the case of cdpp, due to the electron-withdrawing effect of the formal cobalt(III) central atom... 

Fegan, D. S., Select the Right Zero-Emissions Pump, Chem. 

The basc-eatalyzcd addition of nilroalkancs to carbonyl compounds is a reversible reaction and proceeds under thermodynamic control. Thus low (R, R )/(R, S ) selectivities arc observed in the classical Henry reaction which leads to the silylated x-nitro alcohols 2. 

Subgroup Unified nomenclature Previous name(s) Selected ligands... 

Efforts were also made to invert the sense of enantioselectivity in the hydrolytic kinetic resolution of ester (1) using PAL with preferential formation of (R)-2 [40,411-Using epPCR and DNA shuffling, an (R)-selective mutant showing an E value of 30 was evolved by screening about 45 000 clones for the (R) enantiomer. The best mutant is characterized by 11 mutations, which are different from those of the best (S)-selective variant X [41]. 

However, this is obviously not always the case, a counter example being the transformation of P-tetralone (23) to (S)—anunotetralin (24), with 2-amino butane serving as the amine donor. The of an (S)-selective aminotransaminase leads to a value of only... 

In the directed evolution study, epPCR at various mutation rates was applied (10 000 clones). Some of the hits were (R) selective, and others were (S) selective. Eight of them were sequenced [89]. Of particular interest is mutant 1-K2-F5, characterized by a single mutation F432S, because it leads to reversal of enantioselectivity (79% ee in favor of (S)-37). 

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