S saponins

Aoyama, S. Saponin of Panax repens Maxim. IV. Panaxsapogenin. Yakugaku Zasshi 50, 1065. 

At least 10 of jujube s saponins (e.g. ziziphin, jujubasaponins, and jujuboside B) are sweetness inhibitors that reduce the sensation of sweet taste (elevate the sweetness threshold) of glucose, fructose, aspartame, and other sweetening agents. No taste modifying effect was observed with bitter, salty, or sour flavors. 

The effective surface viscosity is best found by experiment with the system in question, followed by back calculation through Eq. (22-55). From the precursors to Eq. (22-55), such experiments have yielded values of [L, on the order of (dyn-s)/cm for common surfactants in water at room temperature, which agrees with independent measurements [Lemhch, Chem. Eng. ScL, 23, 932 (1968) and Shih and Lem-lich. Am. Inst. Chem. Eng. J., 13, 751 (1967)]. However, the expected high [L, for aqueous solutions of such sldn-forming substances as saponin and albumin was not attained, perhaps because of their non-newtonian surface behavior [Shih and Lemhch, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fun-dam., 10, 254 (1971) andjashnani and Lemlich, y. Colloid Inteiface ScL, 46, 13(1974)]. 

Saponins la 7,411,430 -, bioautographic determination la 109 Sarcosine Ia435 lbl24 Scandium cations, detection la 144 Scanner, optical trains la 30,39 S-Chamber (small chamber) la 126,127 SCHiFF s bases lb 52 Scintillators la 12 Scopolamine lb 231,252,255,323 Scopoletin lb 216-218,365 Screening process lb 45 Sebacic acid la 178,233,249,308 Sebuthylazine lb 418 Selectivity, enhancement by derivatiza-tion la 55... 

Sandwich chamber 126,127 Sapogenins 43,195, 206, 411 -, steroid 69, 206 -, trifluoroacetates 69 Saponins 7,109, 411, 430 Sarcosine 435 Scandium cations 144 Scanners, optical trains 30, 39 S-chamber see Sandwich chamber Scintillators 12 Sebacic acid 178,233,249, 308 Selectivity... 

The actions of proteins isolated from sea anemones, or other coelenterates, involve mechanisms different from those described for saponins. Thus, hemolysins from sea anemone R macrodactylus are capable of forming ion channels directly in membranes (98). The basic protein from S. helianthus also forms channels in black-lipid membranes. These channels are permeable to cations and show rectification (99). This ability of S. helianthus toxin III to form channels depends upon the nature of the host lipid membrane (100). Cytolysin S. helianthus binds to sphingomyelin and this substance may well serve as the binding site in cell membranes (101-106). 

ARAI I, KOMATSU Y, HIRAI Y, SHINGU K, IDA Y, YAMAURA H, YAMAMOTO T, KUROIWA Y, SASAKI K, TAGUCHI s (1997) Stimulative effects of saponin from kikyo-to, a Japanese herbal medicine, on pancreatic exocrine secretion of conscious rats. Planta Med. 63 419-24. 

Holtshausen, L., Chaves, A. V., Beauchemin, K. A., McGinn, S. M., McAllister, T. A., Odongo, N. E., Cheeke, P. R., and Benchaar, C. (2009). Feeding saponin-containing Yucca schidigera and Quillaja saponaria to decrease enteric methane production in dairy cows. /. Dairy Sci. 92, 2809-2821. 

A significant advance in the understanding of the anti-inflammatory properties of Bupleurum fruticescens has been provided by Prieto et al. (36). The showed that a methanol extract from the aerial parts had a significant effect on 5-lipoxygenase activity, inhibiting both LTB4 and 5(S)-HETE production, with IC50 values of 112 and 95 (xg/mL, respectively. At concentrations of 200 (Xg/mL, the extract inhibited COX-1 (90%) and elastase activities (54%). What are the principles involved here, saponin ... 

The identities of the individual sugars were established by acid hydrolysis of a portion of the sample followed by paper chromatography and comparison with authentic samples. It was interesting to note that one of the sugars was the rarely encountered (S-D-allose that has only been found in a few saponins. Regrettably, only scant details were reported on the acquisition conditions used for the 1,1-ADEQUATE spectrum. 

S. Mandaland and B. Mukhopadhyay, Concise synthesis of two trisaccharides related to the saponin isolated from Centratherum anthelminticum, Tetrahedron, 63 (2007) 11363-11370. 

Solvents have been added to nerve agents to facilitate handling, to stabilize the agents, or to increase the ease of percutaneous penetration by the agents. Percutaneous enhancement solvents include dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylpalmitamide, N,N-dimethyldecanamide, and saponin. Color and other properties of these solutions may vary from the pure agent. Odors will vary depending on the characteristics of the solvent(s) used and concentration of nerve agent in the solution. 

NAGATA, T., TSUSHIDA, T., HAMAYA, E., ENOKI, N., MANABE, S., NISHINO, C., Camellidins Antifungal saponins isolated from Camellia japonica, Agric. Bio. Chem., 1985,49,1181-1186. 

HARIDAS, V., HIGUCHI, M., JAYATILAKE, G.S., BAILEY, D., MUJOO, K., BLAKE, M.E., ARNTZEN, C.J., GUTTERMAN, J.U., Avicins Triterpenoid saponins from Acacia victoriae (Bentham) induce apoptosis by mitochondrial perturbation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 2001, 98, 5821-5826. 

SUZUKI, S., ACHNINE, L., HUHMAN, D., SUMNER, L.W., DIXON, R.A., A functional genomics approach to the triterpene saponin biosynthetic pathway in Medicago truncatula, Phytochemical Society of North America, 2001, Oklahoma City, OK... 

Kim, D.S. et al., Anticomplementary activity of ginseng saponins and their degradation products, Phytochemistry, 47, 397, 1998. 

Ackloo, S. Z., Smith, R. W., Terlouw, J. K., and McCarry, B. E. (2000). Characterization of ginseng saponins using electrospray mass spectrometry and collision-induced dissociation experiments of metal-attachment ions. Analyst 125, 591-597. 

Asafu-Adjaye, E. B. and Wong, S. K. (2003). Determination of ginsenosides (ginseng saponins) in dry root powder from Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolius, and selected commercial products by liquid chromatography Interlaboratory study. /. AOAC Int. 86, 1112-1123. 

Cui, M., Song, F., Zhou, Y., Liu, Z., and Liu, S. (2000). Rapid identification of saponins in plant extracts by electrospray ionization multi-stage tandem mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 14, 1280-1286. 

Hasegawa, H., Sung, J.-H., Matsumiya, S., and Uchiyama, M. (1996). Main ginseng saponin metabolites formed by intestinal bacteria. Planta Med. 62, 453 57. 

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