Rupture resistance

The filter elements should remove particles of five microns, must be water-resistant, have a high flow rate capability with low pressure drop, possess high dirt-retention capacity, and be rupture-resistant. The clean pressure drop should not exceed five psig at 100 °F (38 °C). The elements must have a minimum collapse differential pressure of 50 psig. Pleated-paper elements are preferred—provided they meet these requirements. Usually, the pleated-paper element will yield the five psig clean drop when used in a filter that was sized to use depth-type elements. This result is due to the greater surface area of the pleated element, more than twice the area of a conventional stacked disc-type or other depth-type elements. 

Viton hoses were instead selected for the feed brine to the electrolysis cells. These are chemically resistant to chlorine-containing brine. There are several specifications of Viton hose available. For working with brine in an electrolysis environment, special attention had to be given to rupture resistance of the hoses with respect to operator safety. 

TiAl (also called Ti-Al a2 phase) has a close-packed hexagonal structure (hP8-Ni3Sn-type DO19). It has a specific modulus and stress rupture resistance comparable to that of super-alloys but (as with several other intermetallics) the complete absence of room-temperature plasticity poses severe mechanical-structural problems. Significant improvements have been obtained by the addition of Nb (typically in the range 10-12 at.%) or ofNb + V + Mo. 

Consistence Classes Australian/ Rupture Resistance on Class U.S. Department of Agricultureb a 25-30 mm Fragment... 

HP microalloys were developed during the 1990s. The microalloys enhanced carburization resistance and improved high-temperature creep-rupture resistance.88... 

Density elasticity Foisson s Kic (Knoop) rupture resistivity conductivity capacity C. (CallgmTXf) expansion or range... 

The gas bubbles in food foams are separated by sheets of the continuous phase, composed of two films of proteins adsorbed on the interface between a pair of gas bubbles, with a thin layer of liquid in between. The volume of the gas bubbles may make up 99% of the total foam volume. The contents of protein in foamed products are 0.1-10% and of the order of 1 mg/m2 interface. The system is stabilized by lowering the gas-liquid interfacial tension and formation of rupture-resistant, elastic protein film surrounding the bubbles, as well as by the viscosity of the liquid phase. The foams, if not fixed by heat setting of the protein network, may be destabilized by drainage of the liquid from the intersheet space, due to gravity, pressure, or evaporation, by diffusion of the gas from the smaller to the larger bubbles, or by coalescence of the bubbles resulting from rupture of the protein films. 

Liquid horizontal films are always rupture resistant when their thickness exceeds a certain value hi, given by ... 

Earlier in this chapter, when we discussed mechanical properties of disperse systems that revealed viscoplasic flow, we focused on the applied shear stress and the values of G, rj, t related to it. The strength in such systems was identical to the critical shear stress. In the case of mechanical behavior of compact and primarily elasto-brittle solids it is more appropriate for one to use the uniaxial tension, thus replacing shear stress, t, with tensile stress, p the shear modulus, G, with the Young modulus, E, and using the rupture resistance, Pa, as the strength characteristic (instead of f )... 

Grades of PE have been specially developed for the gas pressure pipe market. Eirst-generation HDPEs were not used in the UK. The second generation of MDPE copolymers has superior creep rupture resistance at the pipe design lifetime of 50 years (Fig. 14.5). The data falls on one or more lines lines of shallow slope are associated with ductile failure and lines of steeper slope with brittle plane strain crack growth (Fig. 14.3). The... 

The committee made two assumptions to formulate the interrelationships between application requirements and fiber properties. First, the combination of tensile strength, creep resistance, and rupture resistance exhibited by available SiC fibers is approaching theoretical limits. Second, enhancing the creep strength of oxide fibers by several hundred degrees centigrade may be possible although this has not been demonstrated. 

Continuous-length ceramic fibers used to reinforce CMCs must have optimal mechanical, physical, and chemical properties (described in Chapter 2). This chapter reviews the characteristics of fibers that are commercially available and fibers that are at an advanced stage of development. The performance characteristics of interest include stiffness (i.e.. Young s modulus), strength, thermal and electrical conductivity, creep and rupture resistance, oxidation resistance, all as a function of temperature, and strength and stiffness retention as a fimetion of serviee history. The critical issue of chemical compatibility with prospective interface coatings and the eeramie matrix is addressed in Chapter 4 and Chapter 6. 

Textron s SCS-6 SiC fiber was ineluded in Table 3-1 primarily because if has excellenf room-temperature strength and creep-rupture resistance. It is currently made in monofilament form, but multifilament tow fabrication is being researched. The excellent mechanical properties of this fiber apparently arise from its uniform, fine grained ( 0.04 to 0.1 pm [0.002 to 0.004 mils]) microstructure and its single-phase stoichiometric p-SiC composition. 

Recently Nitto Denko developed a battery separator made by a wet process that had high puncture strength and high heat rupture resistance. They used a polyolefin resin with a high-molecular-weight rubber as its main component materials and cross-linked through oxidation in air. The melt rupture temperature, as measured by thermomechanical analysis, was over 200°C in this material. They also tried cross-linking UHMWPE with electron-beam and ultraviolet irradiation, but this had the... 

The essential criteria for improving abrasion tear, cutting and rupture resistance, stiffness and hardness of NR-based materials are strong interfacial... 

Alternatively, a roll can be wound to fit a prismatic case as commonly found in lithium ion batteries. The roll is placed in a fitted conductive metal casing that has a Teflon or rubber gasket seal separating the outer can and top button contact. The cylindrical metal rod around which the film is wound becomes the internal contact. Contacts are ensured by soldering and then electrolyte is injected into the cell followed by a curable polymer sealant. The top of the casing is fitted with a vent, gasket layer, and top contact plate. To seal the device, the top of the can is mechanically crimped and the outer metal casing acts as the other contact and provides mechanical stability and rupture resistance. 

We see from the data presented that there is not always a true correlation between the autohesive force and the rupture resistance, which is affected not only by the autohesive force but also... 

Kim and Hamed [10] prepared a vulcanizate based on a 50/50 natural mbber/c -butadiene rubber (NR/c s-BR).This blend has been found to retain the rupture resistance property of NR vulcanizate and resistance to slow fatigue crack growth property of c s-BR vulcanizate. Botros et al. [11] studied the properties of acrylonitrile butadiene mbber/polychloroprene rubber blend (NBR/CR). The blend was found to possess the thermal resistance of CR and the oil resistance of NBR. 

Other elastomer blends of commercial utility have been cited in the literature [96-98]. Polyolefin blends have been utilized in many forms to achieve modifications yielding environmental stress rupture resistance and to improve impact strength, flexibility, and filler acceptance [99,100]. The addition of ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR) or blends of EPR and high-density PE to PP has been specifically utilized for improving the low-temperature impact strength [101]. Low-modulus materials can be produced from EPR-PP blends containing more than 50% of EPR. These products include those under the trade names TPR, Somel, and Telcar [102-105]. Addition of rubber inclusion has been shown to yield definite improvements in the environmental stress rupture resistance [106]. Other examples of commercial rubber-based blends are impact-PS, ABS and bisphenol A polycarbonate blends and polysulfone blends made of a block copolymer of polysulfone and nylon 6 [107]. 

At the end of this chapter it is necessary to recall that antistatic agents affect some of the properties of polymers, such as heat stability, structural stability, transparency, stress rupture resistance, surface aspect, ease of welding, stamping, and metallization. 

Fiber composite plastics are not creep-rupture resistant. Therefore, admissible loads have to be obtained. When determining creep strength for unidirectional reinforcing rods and strips, it must be ensured that enough measurements for statistical evaluation are obtained. Also, it has to be considered that considerable grip problems occur during the tests, and that operational service life significantly exceeds the times that can be achieved in the laboratory, so that extrapolation models have to be utilized [1017]. 

Polyisobutylene has been added to HDPE and LDPE to improve toughness, tear resistance and environmental stress rupture resistance. Commercial systems include Allied Chemical s ET polymers and BASF s Lupolen . Polypropylene/poly(butene-l) blends have been shown to exhibit miscibility and utility in films has been noted with some commercial activity [43, 44].Increased crystallization rate of poly( 1 -butene) with PP addition offers a blend approach as a nucleation additive [45]. Poly(l-butene)/LDPE blends have been employed as peelable films in packaging applications [46]. 

Figure 17.17 (a) Comparison of yield strength at room temperature and at 700°C for 316, 347HFG, and HT-UPS austenitic stainless steels in the solution annealed condition, and for HT-UPS steel with 5% cold work, (b) Creep-rupture resistance of HT-UPS compared to several commercial heat-resistant stainless steels and alloys [7]. 

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