Rubies reactions

Paradoxically, the most firmly established dihalides of the heavier chalcogens are the dark ruby-red P0CI2 and the purple-brown PoBr2 (Table 16.5). Both are formed by direct reaction of the elements or more conveniently by reducing P0CI4 with 8O2 and PoBt4 with H28 at 25°. 

Anthocyanins usually give a purple red colour. Anthocyanins are water soluble and amphoteric. There are four major pH dependent forms, the most important being the red flavylium cation and the blue quinodial base. At pHs up to 3.8 commercial anthocyanin colours are ruby red as the pH becomes less acid the colour shifts to blue. The colour also becomes less intense and the anthocyanin becomes less stable. The usual recommendation is that anthocyanins should only be used where the pH of the product is below 4.2. As these colours would be considered for use in fruit flavoured confectionery this is not too much of a problem. Anthocyanins are sufficiently heat resistant that they do not have a problem in confectionery. Colour loss and browning would only be a problem if the product was held at elevated temperatures for a long while. Sulfur dioxide can bleach anthocyanins - the monomeric anthocyanins the most susceptible. Anthocyanins that are polymeric or condensed with other flavonoids are more resistant. The reaction with sulfur dioxide is reversible. 

The explosive phenomena produced by contact of liquefied gases with water were studied. Chlorodifluoromethane produced explosions when the liquid-water temperature differential exceeded 92°C, and propene did so at differentials of 96-109°C. Liquid propane did, but ethylene did not, produce explosions under the conditions studied [1], The previous literature on superheated vapour explosions has been critically reviewed, and new experimental work shows the phenomenon to be more widespread than had been thought previously. The explosions may be quite violent, and mixtures of liquefied gases may produce overpressures above 7 bar [2], Alternative explanations involve detonation driven by phase changes [3,4] and do not involve chemical reactions. Explosive phase transitions from superheated liquid to vapour have also been induced in chlorodifluoromethane by 1.0 J pulsed ruby laser irradiation. Metastable superheated states (of 25°C) achieved lasted some 50 ms, the expected detonation pressure being 4-5 bar [5], See LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS, SUPERHEATED LIQUIDS, VAPOUR EXPLOSIONS... 

Dr. Flinn Antimony would be exciting to many chemists. Antimony-121 is the Mossbauer isotope of antimony. The first work was done at Wayne State University, and recently there has been a good deal of work by Ruby and others at Argonne which should be appearing shortly. It seems that antimony is similar to tin in its relationship between isomer shift and the various compounds. It is better than tin in that the isomer shift is about five times larger so that precise measurements are possible. Thanks to Ruby s work, the changes with chemical environment are well understood. The AR/R situation is clear cut, but there are some difficulties in preparing a satisfactory source. The parent is tin-121 which is m de by neutron capture by tin-120. The reaction has one of the smallest cross-sections in existence—one can place the tin in a reactor for a year and not produce much even then. However, when a source is obtained, you are in business for a while. Its half-life is 25 years. 

The experiment also yields deactivation cross-sections in addition to results on the photochemical reaction, and it sets an upper limit for continuous absorption in Br2 at the ruby laser wavelength. 

Rousseau and Leroi studied the two-photon-induced chemical reaction in AgCl by 30 kW ruby-laser pulses which results in a decomposition of AgCl into collodial silver and chlorine. The resultant blue-green emission was proportional to the square of the laser intensity and the measured quantum yield was 10". ... 

Clicking on the product of the reaction, mevalonate, other related information such as 3-D structure with Ruby (Rule-based invention of conformations), a connection to TCM, WDI and WOMBAT are found. TCM depicts several similar compounds, one of which is citric acid with a 0.87 similarity to mevalonate. Clicking on it brings a list of 12 TCM sources in which citric acid appears (Figure 10.7 [52]). AH the sources come... 

The photosensitive nature of selenium makes it useful in devices that respond to the intensity of light, such as photocells, light meters for cameras, xerography, and electric eyes. Selenium also has the ability to produce electricity directly from sunlight, making it ideal for use in solar cells. Selenium possesses semiconductor properties that make it useful in the electronics industry, where it is a component in some types of solid-state electronics and rectifiers. It is also used in the production of ruby-red glass and enamels and as an additive to improve the quality of steel and copper. Additionally, it is a catalyst (to speed up chemical reactions) in the manufacture of rubber. 

Thompson A.B. and Rubie D.C. (eds) (1985) Metamorphic Reactions Kinetics, Textures, and Deformation. Advances in Physical Geochemistry, Vol. 4. New York Springer Verlag. 

Relative performance" of various HE s was predicted by Kury et al (Ref 7, p 11) on calcn using Becker-Kistiakowsky-Wilson equation in a thermodynamic-hydrodynamic code, such as RUBY (qv). To do this the energy release (AE) for the reaction ... 

Detonation and deflagration) 110) J. Herschkowitz, "The Chapman-Jouguet Plane for a Granular Explosive , PATM 1474(1964) (Based on the deton vel of a granular mixt of K perchlorate and powdered A1 confined in a Lucite tube and an ideal deton velocity calcd by the Ruby computer, H. found that the C-J plane is ca 0.9cm behind the plane at which the expln reaction begins) 111) W.H. Rinken-bach, formerly of PicArsn, Private communication, Oct 1964) 112) F.J, Cheselske, "In-... 

Lasers have also been employed to study fast chemical reactions, those taking place in the time domain of a few billionths of a second. Capellos et al at PicArsn, have employed Q-switched Ruby and neodynium lasers, which provide an intense pulse of monochromatic... 

Tiffany78,78 has employed a tuned, pulsed ruby laser to excite Br2 to within 500-800 cm-1 below the dissociation continuum of the 3IIlu state (correlating with ground state atoms) and has observed the reaction of the bromine atoms resulting from the dissociation. By contrast with the collisional release mechanism, Tiffany has proposed a process in which the energy for dissociation for a small number of the Br IIm) molecules into ground state atoms is provided by collisions. 

It is seen from Table I that Reactions (2) and (3) satisfy the definition of buffered equilibria quite well in that and hence Poaic pEq. 0)3, are quite insensitive to the equilibrium positions or the exact product compositions for even the highly underbalanced explosives. Although values of N differ by as much as 74%, values of M by as much as 33%, and values of Q by as much as 107% for individual explosives as these equilibria are shifted from one set of extremes to the other, values of p q. (4)3 show changes no greater than 7%. Where these equilibria do not lie completely to the extremes, as is more likely to be the case in ruby computations or in actual detonations, differences between < arb and < ruuy or acutni should be even smaller. 

Another reaction involving carbon which is predicted to be relatively unimportant by ruby with its current input data, but which deserves discussion, is... 

A variety of methods are available to detect proteins separated by electrophoresis or to measure the concentration of total protein in a solution. These methods are normally based on the binding of a dye to one of the amino acids in protein, or a color reaction with an amino acid side chain. The most commonly used stains for protein detection on gels are Coomassie Brilliant Blue (98) and silver stain (99,100). These methods detect any protein residues, either in solution or on an electrophoresis gel. Their main requirement is sensitivity, not specificity. New, more sensitive dyes are being developed for the proteomic analysis of protein structure and sequence, for example Ruby Red (101). 

Phosphorus Triselenide or Phosphorous Selenide, P2Se3.— This compound may be obtained by heating together phosphorus and selenium in the requisite atomic proportions. The reaction is accompanied by a great evolution of heat. The product is a ruby-red solid, which is combustible on heating. It is insoluble in carbon disulphide. With metal selenides it forms double selenides of the typeP2Se3.2MSe.2... 

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