Rounding, of data

Delphi method Technique based on subjective expert opinion gathered through several structured anonymous rounds of data collection. The objective is to capture the advantages of multiple experts in a committee, while minimizing the effects of social pressures to agree with the majority, ego pressure, and influence of a dominant individual. 

The classical computer tomography (CT), including the medical one, has already been demonstrated its efficiency in many practical applications. At the same time, the request of the all-round survey of the object, which is usually unattainable, makes it important to find alternative approaches with less rigid restrictions to the number of projections and accessible views for observation. In the last time, it was understood that one effective way to withstand the extreme lack of data is to introduce a priori knowledge based upon classical inverse theory (including Maximum Entropy Method (MEM)) of the solution of ill-posed problems [1-6]. As shown in [6] for objects with binary structure, the necessary number of projections to get the quality of image restoration compared to that of CT using multistep reconstruction (MSR) method did not exceed seven and eould be reduced even further. 

Effectively what Barnett (B3) did was to confirm the validity of Eq. (18) using burn-out data for water in round tubes. Subsequently, Eq. (18) was applied to more extensive round-tube data (M3, Tl), to annuli (B6), rectangular channels (M3), and rod-bundle arrangements (M4), using simple mathematical expressions for A and C, and a consistently high accuracy was achieved. Details of the respective correlations obtained are given in Section VIII. 

The computer-optimized y values obtained for a number of conditions are given in Table VI. It can be seen that the first condition assumes simple power functions only and a value for B strictly in compliance with Eq. (18). The rms error achieved is good, but marked improvements are obtained by relaxing the equations for A and B in stages, as shown, the final result giving a much better rms error. It was not necessary in the analysis to separate the data into low- and high-velocity regimes, as was the case for round-tube data, since the lowest mass velocity is not so low as to cause difficulty. 

Fig. 38. Test of an equivalent-diameter hypothesis using annulus burn-out data for water [from Barnett (B4)]. The continuous lines are evaluated from the correlation of round tube data given in Section VIII, A for the same pressure, mass velocity, and length as the annulus data, and for the diameters shown.

B20. Biancone, F., Companile, A., Galimi, G., and Goffi, M., Forced convection burn-out and hydrodynamic instability experiments for water at high pressure. 1. Presentation of data for round tubes with uniform and nonuniform power distribution, EUR 2490e (1965). 

Validation of the data management system is typically done in two rounds. First, correctly completed data forms are entered to ensure that the system is not flagging any good data. In the second round, completed data forms with intentional data errors are entered. All errors must be identified by the system. 

Biancone, F., A. Campanile, G. Galimi, and M. Goffi, 1965, Forced Convection Burnout and Hydrodynamic Instability. Experiments for Water at High Pressure. I. Presentation of Data for Round Tubes with Uniform and Non-Uniform Power Distribution, Italian Rep. EUR-2490 e, European Atomic Energy Community, Brussels, Belgium. (5)... 

Hint 2. There is a way of using all of the data to obtain these three constants by taking each of the two sets of data and plotting the appropriate straight line for each. Round off your values of m and n to the nearest half integer. 

EPA released the first case study of cumulative risks from 24 OPs in food for scientific review in mid-2000. Public comments were solicited and several scientific panel (SAP) meetings were held on various aspects of EPA s quantitative methods. In December 2001 a preliminary OP-CRA (cumulative risk assessment) was released, this time encompassing 30 OPs, additional foods, more residue data and all major routes of exposure. Public comments were solicited again and another series of SAP meetings were held. The revised final OP-CRA was issued in June 2002 after more than 20 SAP meetings and four rounds of public comment (US Environmental Protection Agency, 2002). It is the most sophisticated and data-rich pesticide risk assessment ever carried out. 

Table 7.2 and Figure 7.2 show data obtained from one round of a proficiency scheme for the determination of the alcoholic strength of a spirit. The results are expressed as % alcohol by volume (%abv). When the participants results are ranked in order of magnitude, the median is the middle value, which in this case is 40.04. The assigned value is therefore 40.04 %abv. 

Figure 7.2 Histogram of data from a proficiency testing round for the determination of the alcoholic strength of a spirit.

The data shown in Table 7.3 are from one round of a proficiency testing scheme for the determination of moisture in barley. There are a number of different... 

Wallin, Kim. Master curve analysis of ductile to brittle transition region fracture toughness round robin data. The EURO fiacture toughness curve. 1998. 58 p. 

The above two objectives, data examination and preparation, are the primary focus of this section. For data examination, two major techniques are presented the scattergram and Bartlett s test. Likewise, for data preparation (with the issues of rounding and outliers having been addressed in a previous chapter) two techniques are presented randomization (including a test for randomness in a sample of data) and transformation. Exploratory data analysis (EDA) is presented and briefly reviewed later. This is a broad collection of techniques and approaches to probe data, that is, to both examine and to perform some initial, flexible analysis of the data. 

Despite the promising possibilities offered by the different types of nanoparticles, their routine use is still strongly limited by the very small number of commercially available systems and the limited amount of data on their reproducibility (in preparation, spectroscopic properties, and apphcation) and comparability (e.g., fluorescence quantum yields, stability) as well as on their potential for quantification. To date, no attempt has yet been published comparing differently functionalized nanoparticles from various sources (industrial and academic) in a Round Robin test, to evaluate achievable fluorescence quantum yields, and batch-to-batch variations for different materials and surface chemistries (including typical ligands and bioconjugates). Such data would be very helpful for practitioners and would present the first step to derive and establish quality criteria for these materials. 

Eventually, even well-validated methods become dated and obsolete due to improvements in technology. When this occurs, development of a new method using the new technology should occur and start a new round of method-validation activities. Any change to the method should take into account the effect on the long-term data for the product. Comparison of the validation for the old and new procedures should verify that the change will provide some benefits before it is accepted. 

Figure 5 Relative amount of circulating TRP2 specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes in the blood of mice. After three rounds of vaccination with the indicated formulations blood was collected and TRP2-specific CD8+ T cells were quantified by TRP2-loaded DimerX by FACS analysis. SIINFEKL-loaded DimerX used as control was a background level (data not shown).

Both round 0 data (before affinity selection) and round 3 data (after three rounds of affinity selection) are shown, where round 0 represents a sampling prior to any ultrafiltration. Round 0 and round 3 samples undergo identical denaturation/solvent extraction procedures. Data were generated... 

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