Social pressures

The process illustrated in Figure 4.6 was developed to production scale with a capacity of 200,000 tonnes per year. This process, developed by British Petroleum, was one of several in Europe and Japan that, although fully developed, was never operated substrate commercially. This was due to sharply increased substrate costs in 1973 and political costs and social pressures against the use of petroleum-based substrates (possibly contaminated with carcinogenic or toxic compounds). Such systems do operate in the former USSR, producing Candida guilliermondii as feed. 

Although this may be a simple process in principle, it is not necessarily so in practice. Nor is it necessarily only a function of management. Labor activities, government regulations, and social pressures demand that employees as well as employers become involved in the health and safety of the workplace. Labor unions require assurance of health at work... 

The social pressures to abuse drugs or drink call for specific assertive responses in relation to these substances. Foy et al. (1976) developed a technique called refusal training for such instances. The components of a refusal response are ... 

Nicotine use often begins in adolescence in response to commercial and social pressures and continues because of the positively reinforcing effects of nicotine, which can include both relaxation and increased alertness. In later stages of use, smoking may be used mainly to relieve withdrawal symptoms such as irritability and discomfort. 

The social pressures of the teen years—staying up late to watch TV, chatting on the phone endlessly with friends, or doing homework—when combined... 

The purpose of this step is to differentiate a person s needs from his or her wants. This analysis involves identifying how one feels about money. Are feelings based on objective information Are priorities based on social pressures, needs, or desires It is important to understand that while wants are unlimited, resources are limited. People should set their financial priorities around satisfying needs (e.g., food, clothing, shelter, and transportation) before considering to what extent their wants can be satisfied. 

Chronic cannabis users frequently exhibit the amotivational syndrome", characterized by apathy, impaired judgement, memory defects and loss of interest in normal social pursuits. Whether chronic cannabis abuse leads to more permanent changes in brain function is uncertain, but it is known that chronic administration to animals results in permanent damage to the hippocampus. Regular use of cannabis by adolescents frequently predisposes them to other types of drug abuse later. This may reflect the social pressures placed upon them rather than the pharmacological consequences of abusing cannabis. 

Because Invention involves venturing into the unknown, individuals with nonconformist characteristics and who are keen to work outside traditional parameters in order to achieve a better result are likely to be most successful. Such people are more likely to take calculated risks in order to model the future and be least affected by social pressures to minimise risk and avoid change. 

Of course other factors besides the quality of the evidence, such as social pressure, can affect a person s judgment. In the scientific and academic communities as a whole there is strong social pressure to dismiss design explanations for life out of hand. The social situation is quite different for the general public. 

Although you will not be called to defend Commission policy, and should not even if you are invited to, you need to be aware that your names are in the public domain. You will be asked to give the Commission your advice on matters where there are often powerful commercial and social pressures and you may be the subject of direct or indirect lobbying. If you find yourself asked to comment on matters which arise because of your membership, it is important that you also take account of the need to protect the integrity of your scientific committee. I therefore stress the importance of rules of procedure which have been extensively revised to cover matters relating to independence, transparency and relations to stakeholders. (Byrne 2003)... 

Unlike his friends, and even his younger brother, my son cannot handle daigs. For him they are simply poisons. He knows this And yet the social pressure on him to take drugs is oltenmore than he can withstand. Despite his history and my repeated appeals, his friends continue to supply him with drugs, even going so far as to smuggle them into the hospital the last time he was there. 

An individual s body image may be very stable. An intriguing example of this is the phantom limb phenomenon. When an arm or a leg is amputated, the patient almost always reports he can still feel the limb, even though he can see and otherwise intellectually know it is not there. Sensations coming in from the severed nerve tracts are nonconsciously organized in the learned, habitual way so that the patient perceives the limb as still there. Most patients soon lose perception of their phantom limbs as they are subjected to considerable social pressure to do so. In some, however, the phantom limb persists in spite of all attempts to unlearn it. The sensations may or may not be painful. 

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