Robust technology

Despite the significant encroachment of RO and EDI technologies into the premium end of the higher purity water market, there is no doubt that IX remains the most versatile purification technology available. It has by far the longest track record, being perhaps a century old. It is also a robust technology, often the best choice for use in remote boiler plant locations or where maintenance facilities and support services are limited. 

The TWC has been mandatory on all new petrol cars and vans sold in Europe since the introduction of the Euro 1 emission standard in 1992 and has proved to be a very robust technology for reducing emissions of NOx, carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC) (hence the name three-way ). 

Supercritical fluid (SCF) food processing plants have become one of the more robust technologies for new applications within the food industry in recent years. The announcement of the construction and start up of a coffee decaffeination plant in Houston, Texas (X) has markedly heightened interest, resulting in increased awareness of the unique factors that apply to the design of the SCF processing plant and, more importantly, the considerations necessary to select equipment and components for installation in a SCF processing plant. 

A number of drivers force the downstream technology development towards innovative high-end applications on the one hand, but also towards revisiting robust technology of the low-end type that works well with small molecules and commodity proteins on the other hand. Examples are precipitation, crystallization, and filtration to name but a few. A robust downstream process must be simple, with quality, yield, productivity, and overall economics as the primary goals and an integrated design with compatible unit operations. 

Biomolecular three-dimensional structure database records are cmrently not compatible with macroscopic software tools such as those based on CAD software. Computer-aided design software represents a mature, robust technology, generally superior to the available molecular structure software. However, CAD software and file formats in general are ill-suited to examine the molecular world, owing to the lack of certain specialty views and analytical functions built in for the examination of details of protein structures. 

Rectification is by far the most widely used separation process in the chemical industry. It is characterized by robust technology that is not prone to disturbances and has comparitively low investment costs. The energy requirement is, however, considerable. About 40% of energy consumption in the chemical industry is used for distilla-tive separation. Therefore, integrated energy measures for multiple use of the thermal energy are of special importance and are widely used (see Section 6.1.6.2) [Kaibel 1990]. 

Reliability the measuring system should be based on a reliable and robust technology, as well as be verified regularly according to well-defined and established procedures, such as the ISO 10360 series for coordinate measuring machines (e.g., ISO 2010, ISO 2011b). 

A robust technology can function successfully in stable continuous operation. The term continuous means the technology can treat neutralent from beginning to end and does not require another technology as an intermediate step before final disposal. Continuous also means that feedstock can be continuously supplied or supplied in the batch mode. Operation of a robust technology has the following characteristics ... 

This work is for people and companies who wish to succeed in satisfying their customers in quality and price. It contains knowledge that has been gained over four decades and has required experimentation and lateral thinking to turn those companies who initially believed that rubber and its manufacture was a black art into world leaders in the production of rubber and rubber-bonded components, based on a strong and robust technology. 

Spray pyrolysis polycrystalUne Amorphous to 5-60 pm h" Economical upscaling, time sharing of laser, relatively low deposition rate Robust technology, upscaUng possible, easy control of... 

Slip casting and slurry coating PolycrystalUne 25-200 pm Economical Robust technology, crack formation, slow... 

Transfer printing PolycrystalUne 5-100 pm Economical substrate, suitable for mass production, high deposition rates, inhomogeneous thickness Robust technology, rough substrate surfaces possible. 

Screen printing PolycrystalUne 10-100 pm Economical adhesion on smooth substrates difficult Robust technology, upscaling possible, crack formation... 

Taguchi, G. 1993. Taguchi On Robust Technology Development. ASME Press, New York. 

While LC-MS/MS is a robust technology, there are several factors that can affect the results of the assay. For this reason, it is advisable to have checks in place to assess the status of your equipment and reagents. Pay close attention to the retention times and peak areas of analytes at known concentrations (for instance data associated with QC material). A difference of more than 10 s in retention time is notable and suggests a problem that can be attributed to the analytical column or the mobile phase. A dramatic decrease in peak area of a given analyte suggests the mass spectrometer needs maintenance. Retention time and changes in detection sensitivity can have dramatic effects on the accuracy and precision of analyte quantitation. 

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