River ANAlyser

S. Rodriguez-Mozaz, S. Reder, M. Lopez de Alda, G. Gauglitz, and D. Barcelo, Simultaneous multianalyte determination of estrone, isoproturon and atrazine in natural waters by the River ANAlyser (RIANA), an optical immunosensor. Biosens. Bioelectron. 19, 633-640 (2004). 

Tschmelak, J., G. Proll, and G. Gauglitz. 2004. Verification of performance with the automated direct optical TIRF immunosensor (River Analyser) in single and multi-analyte assays with real water samples. Biosens. Bioelectron. 20 743-752. 

Tschmelak, J., G. Proll, J. Riedt, et al. 2005. Biosensors for unattended, cost-effective and continuous monitoring of environmental pollution Automated water analyser computer supported system (AWACSS) and river analyser (RIANA). Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 85 837-852. 

Davis, J. S., and J. Zobrist (1978), The Interrelationships among Chemical Parameters in Rivers—Analysing the Effect of Natural and Anthropogenic Sources, Progr. Water Techno . 10, 65-78. 

One of the online inununosensor systems developed in recent years and that has attracted much attention is the prototype FIA River ANALyser (RIANA system), which was developed under the European Commission funding. The RIANA system incorporates a multiple analytes immunoanalysis based on total internal reflection fluorescence with 15 minutes for each analysis [109,110]. The transducer consists of a quartz slide with spatially resolved surface modification for antigen immobilization, along which a coupled laser beam propagates by total internal reflection. The antibodies are labeled with Cy5.5 fluorescent dye, which competes with the free analyte. The system has been applied for the detection of chlorotriazines, atrazine, simazine, and isoproturon. Detection limit for isoproturon in river water was 0.14... 

FIGURE 1.5 Schematic diagram of flow injection analysis (FIA) system with immunoassay detection RIANA (abbreviation from River ANAlyser ) based on total internal reflection fluorescence with immobilized fluorescently labeled antibodies. The source of the excitation light is a He-Ne laser, and the collected fluorescent light is filtered and detected by photodiodes (PD). (Adapted from Rodriguez-Mozaz, S. et al. 2004. Biosens. Bioelectron. 19 633-640.)... 

Estimates of oil shale deposits by continent are given in Table 1 (2). Characteristics of many of the world s best known oil shales are summarized in Table 2 (3,4). Oil shale deposits in the United States occur over a wide area (Table 3). The most extensive deposits, covering ca 647,000 km (250,000 mi ), are the Devonian-Mississippian shales of the eastern United States (5). The richest U.S. oil shales are in the Green River formation of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming. Typical mineral and organic analyses for Green River oil shale are given in Table 4. 

Clarke (23) used many of the analyses from the program in his summary of the composition of river and lake waters of the United States. 

In 1974, the Harmonized Monitoring Programme was set up by the Department of the Environment (DoE). The objective was to provide a network of sites at the lower end of catchments, where water quality data could be collected and analysed in a nationally consistent manner, allowing the loads of materials carried through river catchments into estuaries to be estimated and long-term trends in river quality to be assessed. The complete list of substances to be monitored is diverse and specifies about 115 substances. The pesticides aldrin, dieldrin, y-HCH, heptachlor, p,p -DDT and p,p -DDE are included. Figures 1 and 2 show the downward trend of y-HCH and dieldrin over the past 20 years at the Harmonized Monitoring Sites. This confirms that reductions in environmental concentrations have been achieved, particularly over the past 10 years. 

The waters through which ships travel are categorized by their salt content. The following are approximate values seawater, 3.0 to 4.0% salt coastal brackish water, 1.0 to 3.0% river brackish water, 0.5 to 1.8% salty river water, 0.05 to 0.5% river water, <0.05%. Seawater mainly contains NaCl. The salt content is approximately 1.8 times the chloride ion content. The salt content of the world s oceans is almost the same. Different salt contents can occur in more enclosed seas [e.g., the Adriatic (3.9%), Red Sea (4.1%) and the Baltic (1.0%)]. Table 17-1 gives as an example average analyses for seawater and the Rhine River. 

This review highlights the important potential of U-series disequilibria in understanding the continental alteration and related mass transfers. The recent analytical developments, including TIMS and MC ICP MS techniques, for measuring small amounts of U, Th and Ra in geologic samples, offer today new possibilities and new perspectives for analysing U-series disequilibria in weathering profiles and river waters, and could lead to new and, as yet, unanticipated advances in the field of continental alteration. 

The determination of DDT residue on apples grown in the Hood River fruit district and on pears at Medford is carried on in branch laboratories established in those areas. The majority of samples selected for analyses are suspected of carrying higher amounts of residue than the average because of the spray program used or because the last application of insecticide was made within a few weeks of harvest. As indicated by Table I, about 80% of all the samples analyzed carried 3.0 p.p.m. or less of DDT during the past harvest season. Only about 20% of the samples showed residues above 3.0 p.p.m. six samples showed residue deposits slightly above 7.0 p.p.m. 

Leoni [366] observed that in the extraction preconcentration of organochlo-rine insecticides and PCB s from surface and coastal waters in the presence of other pollutants such as oil, surface active substances, etc., the results obtained with an absorption column of Tenax-Celite are equivalent to those obtained with the continuous liquid-liquid extraction technique. For non-saline waters that contain solids in suspension that absorb pesticides, it may be necessary to filter the water before extraction with Tenax and then to extract the suspended solids separately. Analyses of river and estuarine sea waters, filtered before extraction, showed the effectiveness of Tenax, and the extracts obtained for pesticide analysis prove to be much less contaminated by interfering substances than corresponding extracts obtained by the liquid-liquid technique. Leoni et al. [365] showed that for the extraction of organic micro pollutants such as pesticides and aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons from waters, the recoveries of these substances from unpolluted waters (mineral and potable waters) when added at the level of 1 xg/l averaged 90%. 

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