Risk reduction initiatives

Fruchart JC, Sacks F, Hermans MP, Assmann G, Brown WV, Ceska R, Chapman MJ, Dodson PM, Fioretto P, Ginsberg HN, Kadowaki T, Lablanche JM, Marx N, Plutzky J, Reiner Z, Rosenson RS, Staels B, Stock JK, Sy R, Wanner C, Zambon A, Zimmet P (2008) The Residual Risk Reduction Initiative a call to action to reduce residual vascular risk in patients with dyslipidemia. Am J Cardiol 102 1K-34K... 

Risk reduction initiatives developed through the project are estimated to have greatly reduced... 

Conversely, Christoplos (2006) has argued that although scientifically credible, disaster risk reduction initiatives can be incompatible with local and global political imperatives after disasters. Informing the humanitarian focus on addressing acute human suffering, these political drivers also inform the immediate priorities for local politicians, donors and disaster affected people, who need to get people out of tents and into houses and off food aid and into jobs (Christoplos 2006). In addition, he noted that the 2004 tsunami decimated many of the local... 

Of the antiresorptive agents available, bisphosphonates provide the greatest BMD increases and fracture risk reductions. Fracture reductions are demonstrated as early as 6 months, with the greatest fracture reduction seen in patients with lower initial BMD and in those with the greatest BMD changes with therapy. 

Vlahov, D., et al., Trends of HIV-1 risk reduction among initiates into intravenous drug use 1982-1987, Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse, 17, 39, 1991. 

The German Environmental Ministry is reported to have attacked European proposals to ban substances such as specific flame retardants in forthcoming regulations for recycling electrical and electronic equipment. Initial proposals from the EU Commission on the disposal of waste electrical and electronic equipment, include a phaseout of PBDEs, despite preliminary findings under EU risk assessment that there is no need for risk reduction from the two types, decaBDE and octaBDE mainly used in such equipment. The Ministry is said to be concerned at the excessively prescriptive and restrictive system being proposed, and that substance restrictions should not be addressed in waste legislation, but should be based on life cycle risk assessments. 

Unlike the discussion on environmental policy in the 1980s, support for a strict continuation of environmental and health policy appears rather to have waned. After some scandalous classic hazards were reduced, actions for precautionary risk reduction again appear to be weighted more against the requirements of industrial and economic policy. This is also reflected in the fact that the latest initiatives by the EU Commission in the area of enviromnental and chemicals pohcy were accompanied by an intensive discussion of the correct method for assessing the consequences of legislation. 

Examining possible risk reduction measures to (a) reduce potential consequences, (b) reduce probability of occurrence, (c) improve the initial detection, diagnosis, alert, and alarm systems, (d) improve emergency response, (e) eliminate the hazard... 

To conclude, the bureaucratic regulation of pollution has the possibility of creating a result similar to the pollution levels provided by an emissions market if the bureaucracy maximizes expected years of life saved for a given cost. However, if health-related issues evoke an emotional response not evoked by cellular phone rights, the concept of efficient aggregate risk reduction itself becomes problematic because it could be determined by the ownership of initial property rights. 

These two initiatives, complementary in nature, can make a substantial contribution to the SAICM implementation in terms of risk reduction, knowledge/ information and capacity building/technical co-operation. 

All these options can be used individually or in combination to accomplish even more effective risk reduction. Options for risk reduction can be initiated by private and public actors or both together. 

In the 17 years from UNCED to ICCM-2, progress has been made in many areas. Still, it should be recognised that in more complex cases, risk reduction takes decades. For example, some of the substances called PCBs were initially detected in... 

Good chemicals control has, however, considerable positive economic effects for enterprises. It is increasingly important for the competitiveness of enterprises. Furthermore, investments in preventive chemicals control leading to the use of less hazardous chemicals and improved information on risks and safe use will have paybacks in the form of a reduced need for costly risk reduction measures for control of exposure, emissions and waste. In addition, better control of chemicals very often results in more cost-effective processes with reduced use of chemicals and less hazardous waste. By applying the concepts of Clean Products and Clean Production as aspects of improved chemicals control, costs for initial investments in many cases may have paybacks within just a few years time. 

Effectiveness Achieving overall risk reduction would be left to the devices of the Member States who would retain the ability to enact measures beyond EU target by using different regulatory tools, including taxes and voluntary initiatives. Targets would establish minimal levels of risk reduction. 

To better evaluate pollution prevention options, the project attempted to assess the risks posed to individuals and populations exposed to chemical contaminants released from the refinery. An initial risk assessment analysis was performed to identify chemicals requiring further study, and to establish a baseline by which to judge potential risk reduction opportunities. Since change in exposure to benzene was used as a proxy for evaluating relative risk reductions associated with alternative pollution prevention options, the usual uncertainty associated with risk assessments was not a factor in the option analysis. The uncertainty in absolute risk assessments can arise from multiple sources the use of animal study results, difficulties with human studies, variation in individual responses to chemical exposures, the impact of differing dose rates, multiple simultaneous exposure to chem-... 

The extensive breadth that spans the coverage of P2 has entailed a sheer amount of development and coverage of new knowledge and information in both industrial practices and academic research. To the best of our knowledge, there has been only one comprehensive review article on the subject—that is, the 1995 survey by Freeman and co-workers of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) s Pollution Prevention Research Branch in the Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory. The review focuses on P2 in the industrial sector, which is by far the sector in which major initiatives of P2 have been undertaken and will continue to be so. 

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