Risk Reduction Opportunities

The reactives program involves the interaction of several diverse technical experts to study the chemistry and process, looking for risk reduction opportunities in-house expertise is available to handle reactive chemical issues. 

To better evaluate pollution prevention options, the project attempted to assess the risks posed to individuals and populations exposed to chemical contaminants released from the refinery. An initial risk assessment analysis was performed to identify chemicals requiring further study, and to establish a baseline by which to judge potential risk reduction opportunities. Since change in exposure to benzene was used as a proxy for evaluating relative risk reductions associated with alternative pollution prevention options, the usual uncertainty associated with risk assessments was not a factor in the option analysis. The uncertainty in absolute risk assessments can arise from multiple sources the use of animal study results, difficulties with human studies, variation in individual responses to chemical exposures, the impact of differing dose rates, multiple simultaneous exposure to chem-... 

In the previous ehapters, analysis teehniques were presented for identifying and evaluating the safety and seeurity risks assoeiated with the transportation of hazardous materials over a route(s) and aeross different modes of transit. Any of these techniques can be used to determine where additional risk reduetion options might be warranted and to identily and evaluate potential options. Additional risk reduction opportunities may include identified inconsistent operating practices, changes/advances in industry guidelines, or new regulatory requirements. 

Emergency Response and Post-Incident Risk Reduction Opportunities... 

Additionally, the EPA pubhshes a newsletter entitled Pollution Prevention News that contains information including EPA news, technologies, program updates, and case studies. The EPA s Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratoiy and the Center for Environmental Research Information has pubhshed several guidance documents, developed in cooperation with the California Department of Health Services. The manuals supplement generic waste reduction information presented in the EPA s Waste Minimization Opportunity Assessment Manual (Ref. 9). 

The qualitative assessment identified multiple opportunities for risk reduction in the feed purification and vaporization areas. These included providing gas detectors in the area, interlocked with automatic isolation valves. Upon detection of a gas release, the system would be shut down, significantly reducing the amount of hydrocarbon that could be released, thus reducing the likelihood of a damaging explosion. It was decided that, with the gas detectors and shutdown controls in place, the frequency of event Scenario 4 would be reduced from a "3" to a "2."... 

According to the principles of sustainability, the whole life-cycle of a compound must be taken into account to identify opportunities for risk management and risk reduction. In principle, three different approaches for the reduction of the input of chemicals into the environment are possible (Figure 9.4 [46]). 

The Restrictions place conditions for the manufacture, placing on the market, or use of certain substances in the EU that are deemed to have unacceptable risks. Proposals for restrictions will be prepared by Member States or by the Agency on behalf of the Commission in the form of a structured Dossier. This Dossier is required to demonstrate that there is a risk to human health or the environment that needs to be addressed at Community level and to identify the most appropriate set of risk reduction measures. Deadlines for the procedure to prepare a Commission decision are set out in the Regulation. Interested parties will have an opportunity to comment and the Agency will provide opinions on any proposed restriction. 

When it comes to decision-making regarding developing and selecting a risk reduction measure at the EU level... how is consensus reached between the Member States What do you see as the main obstacles and opportunities ... 

However, the efficiency improvements and risk reduction sides of environmental concerns and sustainability are just one side of the opportunity. They may be dwarfed by the opportunities for innovation. Innovation goes beyond improvement to the... 

Malaysia). Investment in Malaysia manages to reduce risk over that in Indonesia due to the lower volatility of natural gas prices in Malaysia. Figure 12.13 compares the risk curves and shows values of VaR and OV. Table 12.3 compares the risk indicators more closely. The VaR reduces from 18.1% but the OV (UP) reduces 18.9% and the risk area ratio (RAR) is equal to 2.2. This means that the loss in opportunity is more than twice the gain in risk reduction. The application of the decomposition procedure rendered similar solutions to those obtained using the full stochastic model. The use of regret analysis in this case produced similar but slightly less profitable answers. 

The 1996 Amendments include a risk-based contaminant selection and decision making process for unregulated contaminants. The ERA must decide whether or not to regulate at least five contaminants every 5 years, based on a consideration of the following three criteria (i) that the contaminant adversely affects human health (ii) that it is known or substantially likely to occur in public water systems with a frequency and at levels of public health concern and (iii) that r ulation of the contaminant provides a meaningful opportunity for health risk reduction. 

One of the key challenges is in establishing the baseline one intends to measure success against. Ideally one would want to implement a HIT system in two identical environments, one with and one without the application of an SMS. In practice this is impractical on many different levels. Of course where an SMS is introduced alongside an existing and establish HIT system one has an opportunity to observe any changes on reported adverse incidents. However one must bear in mind that in this case the opportunities for practical risk reduction in a mature... 

---