Risk reduction example

It was not nndl the 1950s that detonation flame arresters made of crimped metal ribbon elements were developed and began to be used more freqnendy (Binks 1999). The major impetus for die use of crimped metal ribbon detonation flame arresters in the US was the enactment of clean air legislation (Clean Air Act of 1990) which inadvertently created a safety problem by requiring reductions in volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. To do this, manifolded vent systems (vapor collection systems) were increasingly installed in many chemical process industry plants which captured VOC vapors and transported them to suitable recovery, recycle, or destruction systems. This emission control requirement has led to the introdnction of ignition risks, for example, from a flare or via spontaneous combustion of an activated carbon adsorber bed. Multiple... 

It is important to remember that unexpected benefits may arise from integration. You should actively look for these benefits and document them. It may be possible to improve some of these benefits by small modifications to the plan or integration framework. Such additional work should be undertaken only with the appropriate approvals. Never the less, if any benefits would only be achieved with the integration project, you should include them in your overall statement of benefits. An example of this might be the better allocation of capital to risk reduction efforts when an integrated risk assessment is done-addressing several different types of risk. 

Mitigative risk-reduction measures include system designs or procedures that help limit the magnitude or severity of an event. Examples are ... 

Some examples of preventive risk-reduction measures include ... 

VSL is derived based on the monetary sum people are willing to pay for reducing the risk of fatality. An example of a suitable monetary sum is the price premium for a safe car, which together with risk reduction estimates for the safe car is sufficient to calculate a VSL. The WTP for As (the change in the risk to die) leads to the value of statistical life such as ... 

It is a truism that gene frequencies vary by ethnicity. Polymorphisms are not meaningful unless they can be studied in the context of the ethnic group that harbors them. In the case of risk reduction statistics, for example, it is well known that Jewish Ashkenazim are at 1/27 risk of carrying Tay-Sachs disease. But what is often not understood by the naive observer is that their risk can be reduced to 1/1250 through the prudent application of molecular genetic testing. On the other... 

Another example of exposure and corresponding risk reduction using Tier III methodology is provided in Table 27.4 for simazine (the triazine with the most registered uses in the United States). The Tier III analysis - using average field trial residues, realistic residue estimates in animal commodities, and percent of crop treated - showed at least a 1000-fold reduction in exposure for the United States population and for the most sensitive population subgroups as compared to the tolerance-based Tier I assessment. 

There are local employers in his rural community that may benefit from health screenings. Sam could approach these employers with cardiovascular risk screening, for example, and even develop a set of services related to cardiovascular risk reduction set. 

Furthermore, from a regulatory vantage point, it can be mentioned that several risk reduction measures have been taken for these chemicals both within the European Union and in international conventions. The use of Penta, Octa and Deca in electrical and electric equipment is, for example, restricted in EU legislation through the RoHS Directive (2002/95/EC). Penta is also included (and Octa is suggested for inclusion) in the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic contaminants. Thus, decision-makers appear to have treated the available and often uncertain information on Penta, Octa and Deca as if their properties, use and emission were known to pose intolerable risks (at least to the extent reflected by the above described risk reduction measures). 

In the 17 years from UNCED to ICCM-2, progress has been made in many areas. Still, it should be recognised that in more complex cases, risk reduction takes decades. For example, some of the substances called PCBs were initially detected in... 

Moreover, some opinions issued by SCHER could, in our view, be interpreted as going beyond risk assessment, for example some conclusions reached on deca-BDE (a type of brominated flame retardant), which SCHER, after having criticised the Risk Assessment Report it reviewed, suggested should be the object of further risk reduction measures ... 

To illustrate the differences between the four Es , a hypothetical comparison of two risk reduction measures is provided in Box 2.1. The implications of both options are considered for three stakeholder groups regulator, industry trade association (TA), and an environmental NGO. To construct the example, the general approach to chemical risk management for each stakeholder must be clearly established and defined. 

For example, the federal institutions are involved during the development of risk reduction strategies (RRS). The Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) and the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) may also be involved in chemical risk management processes. 

Any exposure Follows current EU risk reduction TGD that specifies significant release to the environment may occur during consumer use [202] Supplier must organise take-back of unused or remainingconsumer products sold in quantities greater than 5 litres or 5 kg containers (Example only - size of contaciner reviewed)... 

The Swedish expression of the principle is that actors should replace chemicals with less harmful ones when the costs are not unreasonable. While this may appear to be a little more than common sense, the principle and its application are quite controversial. The principle is not mentioned in the Rio Declaration and is not considered to be an established principle in international environmental law, although Agenda 21 (19.41) refer to the substitution of hazardous substances for less hazardous substances as the classical example of risk reduction. So why is the principle not established in international environmental law Several reasons exist. The application of the principle has several limitations. Apart from the cost issue, it can of course be difficult to evaluate whether a chemical is a better option than another one if none of them are properly tested, or if only one of them have been properly tested. 

The Swiss cheese model (see Figure 1.3 in Chapter I and Figure 3.2) offers another useful way to envision how failure to contain a hazard could result in a serious consequence if the process safety barriers and controls have weaknesses— the holes in the slices of Swiss cheese. For example, in order to prevent the risk of an accident, such as hydrocarbon release, a number of barriers (i.e., risk reduction... 

Rapid infusion of cimetidine causes an increase in plasma histamine concentration, and this could be one reason for its cardiac effects. A marked degree of bradycardia (for example a 30% reduction in heart rate) is uncommon although well recognized (SEDA-17, 417) sinoatrial and atrioventricular conduction effects and dysrhythmias of every possible type have occasionally been noted, particularly after infusion but also with oral therapy. It has been suggested that if a patient is particularly at risk (for example because of poor renal function) the electrocardiogram should be monitored (SEDA-15, 394). 

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