Technological risk assessment

Cuvello, V T., 1981, Actual and Perceived Risk A Review of the Literature, in Technological Risk Assessment edited by P. F. Ricci et al. NATO ASI Series E-81, Martinos Nijtioff Publisher, The Hague, Netherlands. 

Safety air technology, including risk assessment, that minimizes damages and hazards caused by accidents, fire, and explosion... 

Using formalized risk assessment techniques for industrial ventilation projects may complicate the issue more than necessary. The work environment and its exposure conditions are the focus. However, when evaluating new technology, including waste management, the risk assessment approach may be valuable. 

Mesch KA, Kugele TG (1992) Use of organotin stabilizers — Risk assessment analysis. Journal of Vinyl Technology, 14 131-134. 

At the practical level, an ideal mechanistic biomarker should be simple to use, sensitive, relatively specific, stable, and usable on material that can be obtained by nondestructive sampling (e.g., blood or skin). A tall order, no doubt, and no biomarker yet developed has all of these attributes. However, the judicious use of combinations of biomarkers can overcome the shortcomings of individual assays. The main point to emphasize is that the resources so far invested in the development of biomarker technology for environmental risk assessment has been very small (cf the investment in biomarkers for use in medicine). Knowledge of toxic mechanisms of organic pollutants is already substantial (especially of pesticides), and it grows apace. The scientific basis is already there for technological advance it all comes down to a question of investment. 

The concept of risk assessment requires a profound understanding of food dynamics and technological conditions that may impact the risk levels of certain hazardous compounds. It requires that scientific information and data are collected to underpin conclusions about risk levels. Risk assessment can be used to scientifically underpin the selection of hazards that must be covered by a quality or safety assurance system (e.g., HACCP) that will improve the reliability of the system. 

Although there are many biocide alternatives available on the market, for example enzyme technology or bio-dispersants, there appears to be a continued requirement for the use of biocides in order to reduce the levels of microbiological contamination entering the paper making process. The increased awareness of environmental and safety aspects will continue to play an important role on the selection of biocides for paper making processes. The use of legislation to select biocides must be done in parallel with each plants internal risk assessment. No one biocide active will meet all the criteria set out by different European countries and hence the use of these actives must be carefully assessed on a plant by plant basis. 

Many policies and practices have been adopted by European countries for the management of contaminated sites. Information about the various national polices, the technical approaches for risk assessment, and the progress of rehabilitation activities in Europe has been compiled in the framework of two European networks—CARACS (Concerted Action for Risk Assessment for Contaminated Sites) and CLARINET (Contaminated Land Rehabilitation Network for Environmental Technologies)—which were funded by the European Commission. A detailed description of European national policies can be found in relevant publications2 3 and in the CLARINET website (http //www.clarinet.at). 

Source From NATO/CCMS, Evaluation of Demonstrated and Emerging Technologies for the Treatment and Clean Up of Contaminated Land and Groundwater, NATO CCMS Pilot Study, Phase III, 1999 Annual Report, EPA 542/R-99/007, no. 235,1999 Ferguson, C. and Kasamas, H., Eds., Risk Assessment for Contaminated Sites in Europe, Vol. 2. Policy Frameworks, LGM Press, Nottingham, UK, 1999. With permission. 

The Federal Water Pollution Control Act (Clean Water Act) establishes nationally applicable effluent limitations using criteria based on different levels of control technology. For example, risk assessments were carried out in response to the settlement of litigation asserting a failure to set standards... 

Chameaud, J., Masse, R. and Lafuma, J., Influence of Radon Daughter Exposure at low Doses on Occurrence of Lung Cancer in Rats, in Radiation Protection Dosimetry Indoor Exposure to Natural Radiation and Associated Risk Assessment, (Clemente, G., F. et al, eds) pp.385-388, Nuclear Technology Publishing, Anacapri (1983). 

Cardwell, R.D. and A.W. Sheldon 1986. A risk assessment concerning the fate and effects of tributyltins in the aquatic environment. Pages 1117-1129 in G.L. Maton (ed.). Proceedings Oceans 86 Conference, September 23-25, 1986, Washington, D.C. Volume 4. Organotin symposium. Avail, from Marine Technology Society, 2000 Florida Ave. N.W., Washington, D.C. 

Luebke, R.W. et al., Immunotoxicogenomics The potential of genomics technology in the immunotoxicity risk assessment process, Toxicol. Sci., (in press). 

BorghoffSJ. 1993. 2u-Globulin-mediated male rat nephropathy and kidney cancer relevance to human risk assessment. Chemical Industry Institute of Technology (CUT) Activities 1-8. 

---