Risk Assessment radiation

Hofmann, W., Cellular Lung Dosimetry for Inhaled Radon Decay Products as a Base for Radiation - Induced Lung Cancer Risk Assessment. Radiat. Environ. Biophys. 20 95-112 (1982). 

Conduct a risk assessment to any employee and other persons to identify measures needed to restrict exposure to ionizing radiation and to assess magnitude of risk including identifiable accidents. 

The reader should note tliat since many risk assessments have been conducted on the basis of fatal effects, there are also uncertainties on precisely what constitutes a fatal dose of thennal radiation, blast effect, or a toxic chemical. Where it is desired to estimate injuries as well as fatalities, tlie consequence calculation can be repeated using lower intensities of exposure leading to injury rather titan dcatli. In addition, if the adverse healtli effect (e.g. associated with a chemical release) is delayed, the cause may not be obvious. Tliis applies to both chronic and acute emissions and exposures. 

The Leggett (1992) model was developed to predict tissue doses and whole-body dose to people who may be exposed to americium. The model is considered an updated version of the ICRP (1989) model for americium, which has been used to establish risk-based limits of intake of241 Am (ICRP 1989). The Leggett (1992) and ICRP (1989) models predict similar long-term average doses of americium to the liver and skeleton for an injection exposure and would be expected to predict similar radiation risks and risk-based intake limits (Leggett 1992). Descriptions of applications of the Leggett (1992) model in risk assessment have not been reported. 

Carroll J, Boisson F, Teyssie J-L, et al. 1999. Distribution coefficients (Kd s) for use in risk assessment models of the Kara Sea. Appl Radiat Isot 51 121-129. 

Jacobi, W. and Paretzke H.G. 1985, Risk Assessment for Indoor Exposure to Radon Daughters, In Proceedings, Seminar on Exposure to Enhanced Natural RAdiation and Its Regulatory Implications, Maastricht, the Netherlands, March 25-27, Elsvier Science Publisher, Amsterdam. 

In radiation protection and risk assessment linear extrapolations are commonly used. Linearity, however, is not based on experimental evidence in the very low dose range and a departure from it would imply an over- or underestimation of risks. There are both theoretical and experimental indications wich contradict the linearity at doses considered here (e.g. Brown, 1977 ... 

Chameaud, J., Masse, R. and Lafuma, J., Influence of Radon Daughter Exposure at low Doses on Occurrence of Lung Cancer in Rats, in Radiation Protection Dosimetry Indoor Exposure to Natural Radiation and Associated Risk Assessment, (Clemente, G., F. et al, eds) pp.385-388, Nuclear Technology Publishing, Anacapri (1983). 

We have previously documented the methodology (Marks et al., 1985a) and presented a summary of the technique (Marks et al., 1985b) at the Maastricht, The Netherlands, Seminar on Exposure to Enhanced Natural Radiation and Its Regulatory Implications. This paper represents a synthesis of the work we have conducted to date on risk assessment at uranium mill tailings vicinity properties. 

Atmospheric releases of flammable gases such as hydrogen may lead to major fires with extensive effects on the surroundings. In activities where hazards are associated with cloud fires, there is the need of societal risk assessment that involves the estimation of hazardous zones due to the resulting thermal radiation. However, till now only limited work has been done on modeling the effects of flash fires, in a way that available techniques may be judged insufficient [47],... 

Current risk assessments of ionizing radiation hazards to living organisms require additional data and reinterpretation of existing data. Specifically, more effort seems needed in eight areas ... 

EPA, Radiation Exposure and Risks Assessment Manual (RERAM) Risk Assessment Using Radionuclide Slope Factors, EPA 402-R-96-016, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1996. 

EPA. 1984. Background information document (integrated risk assessment). Final rules for radionuclides. Vol I. U.S. Environmental Protecton Agency, Office of Radiation Programs. Washington, DC. EPA 520/1-84-022-1. 

Peto, Richard. 1985. Epidemiological Reservations about Risk Assessment. In Assessment of Risk from Low-level Exposures to Radiation and Chemicals. Edited by Avril D. Woodhead, Claire J. SheUabarger, and Alexander HoUaender. New York Plenum Press. 

Assessments of the risks of radiation exposure have been made to assist in establishing a basis on which to recommend permissible limits or the appropriateness of already derived limits of radiation exposure for various activities and populations. The permissible limits of exposure vary somewhat for different situations, primarily because of the variation in the risks from causes other than radiation exposure. For example, the recommended maximum annual radiation exposure for an astronaut is 0.5 Sv (50 rem) (other risks are high and the years of... 

In view of the foregoing, carcinogenic risk assessments for chemicals generally involve greater imcertainty than 4o carcinogenic risk assessments for radiation. 

In carcinogenic risk assessments for chemicals, as in those for radiation, risks should be expressed in ways that place them in perspective and make them broadly intelligible. Such an approach will facilitate their interpretation and use. 

In spite of the aforementioned differences among carcinogens, the principles for risk assessment that have proven to be useful with ionizing radiation appear to be applicable, within limits, to chemicals, particularly those chemicals that resemble radiation in genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and in the stages of carcinogenesis affected. 

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