Risk and Benefit

As a final comment on inadequacies of mathematical representations of risk, those who bear the risk are not necessarily those who receive the benefit. While unequal distribution of risk and benefit may not be fair, it is difficult to redress die incquily. 

Thomas, K., 1981, Comparative Risk Perception How the Public Perceives the Risks and Benefits of Energy Systems in The Assessment and Perception of Risk, Royal Society, Gordon pp 35-50. 

Writing Group for the Women s Health Initiative Investigators (2002) Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women principal results from the Women s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 288 321-333... 

Name and description of the investigational product(s). A summary of findings from non-clinical sfudies and from clinioal trials that is relevant to the trial. Summary of the known and potential risks and benefits, if any, to human subjects. Description of and justification for the route of administration, dosage, dosage regimen, and treatment period(s). A statement that the trial will be conducted in compliance with the protocol, GCP and the applicable regulatory requirement(s). Description of the population to be studied. References to literature and data that are relevant to the trial, and that provide background for the trial... 

Posternak MA, Mueller TI Assessing the risks and benefits of benzodiazepines for anxiety disorders in patients with a history of substance abuse or dependence. Am J Addict 10 48-68, 2001... 

Althongh the above discussion might not directly map onto chemical edncation, we wonld like to propose that stndies of similar nature could be conducted which probe students conceptions of issnes related to chemistry. For example, such studies could be about the impact of chemistry on humankind , risks and benefits of using plastics/ metals or, in a broadest sense, the chemical world . These drawings could not only allow stndents to express their ideas which carmot be replaced by verbal... 

Cookson JC (1997). Lithium balancing risks and benefits. BrJPsychiatry 120—4. 

In the near future new drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer s disease are expected to be licensed, and it would be extremely valuable to be able to compare them in a clear and well-defined framework. In addition, if economic evaluation is to inform health and social care providers and policy-makers about the potential impact of new interventions in practice, estimation of the value for money of these new interventions requires consideration of (a) the perceived and objective risks and benefits of care (b) attitudes of people with... 

IV rt-PA has been safely given in patients with cervical arterial dissection There are four reports of IV rt-PA use in pregnancy, with one case complicated by intrauterine hematoma,rt-PA should be used in this setting only after careful assessment of the risks and benefits. There is insufficient data to determine the benefit of rt-PA in the pediatric population, with no randomized trials. 

Communication with the potential volunteers prior to the study is essential. Prior to the initiation of the field phase of the study, a meeting should be held with the potential volunteers to explain the details of the procedures of the study, present the consent form, and inform the potential volunteers of the risks and benefits (including any monetary compensation to the worker) of participating in the study. At this meeting, consent in writing should be obtained from the worker. If there is any language barrier between the researcher and the potential volunteers, an interpreter should be present at the meeting. 

Patient or family members understand the potential risks and benefits from treatment... 

Re-evaluate the risks and benefits of continuing warfarin therapy. 

Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy affect the majority of pregnant women the teratogenic potential of the therapy is the primary therapeutic consideration.9 Risks and benefits of any therapy must be weighed by the health care professional and the patient. 

Explain the risks and benefits associated with hormone-replacement therapy. 

Conaghan PG, Day RO. Risks and benefits of drugs used in the management and prevention of gout. Drug Safety 1994 11 252-258. 

Develop a patient-specific care plan for this patient. Be sure to address the patient s drug-related needs, goals of therapy, risks and benefits of potential therapies, and plan for follow-up of therapy. List the monitoring parameters for effectiveness and safety for the chosen therapy. Explain how you would counsel the patient on the chosen therapy, including the administration of an ophthalmic preparation. 

Vaccination is one of the most powerful tools used to prevent disease. As with all drugs, most vaccines have been reported to cause adverse reactions. The reactions are either acute, such as local reactions, or are related to risk of developing another disease. Health care professionals are to give vaccine information sheets to individuals or caregivers prior to vaccination these provide information about the risks and benefits of each vaccine. 

If chemotherapy is the treatment of choice, counsel the patient on risks and benefits of undergoing such therapy. Be sure that the patient understands the issues fully before moving forward. 

Justify the risk and benefits of the surgical and chemoprevention options available for decreasing the potential risk of developing ovarian cancer. 

A third path for research is to study associations between system change and improvement, on the one hand, and public and consumer responses, on the other. In particular, what are the conditions for the development and maintenance of trustworthiness and satisfaction through organisational and communicative procedures With better knowledge of consumer demands and improved quantification of risks and benefits to health, the future trend is likely to point towards increased differentiation, with different products targeting consumer groups with different priorities. Some consumers will demand more convenience, while others will invest in participatory community farm schemes that allow direct involvement in the production and preparation of their food. 

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