Retrospective Rating

If the mod rate is significantly higher than the manual rating, a company may request the premium be paid on a retrospective rating 

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Contamination of the production vessel leads to serious financial penalties and each step in the inoculum train is monitored for contamination. To reduce the risk of contamination during sampling it is usual to take a sample from the residue left in each vessel after its contents have been transferred to the next reactor. Since these contamination checks are retrospective, a heavy reliance is placed on the growth characteristics of the production organism. Kinetic variables such as growth rate and oxygen consumption rate are also used to assess the quality of the inoculum. 

Despite the surprise caused by the first literature reports of such large non-Faradaic rate enhancements, often accompanied by large variations in product selectivity, in retrospect the existence of the NEMCA effect can be easily rationalized by combination of simple electrochemical and catalytic principles. 

Ernst et al. performed a retrospective analysis of 20 consecutive patients (median NIHSS 21) who presented within 3 hours of stroke symptoms and were treated using IV rt-PA (0.6 mg/kg) followed by LA rt-PA (up to 0.3 mg/kg or 24 mg, whichever was less, over a maximum period of 2 hours) in 16 of the 20 patients. Despite a high number of ICA occlusions (8/16), TIMI 2 and 3 recanalization rates were... 

No direct comparison trials have been reported between the different thrombolytic agents in acute ischemic stroke. In a retrospective review of the results for acute stroke lAT performed at our center, we have found significantly higher rates of recanalization and good clinical outcome in the era in which lA UK was used versus the era in which UK was not available and lAT with rt-PA was the primary treatment. Conversely, in another retrospective study, Eckert et al. found no major difference between the recanalization rates of UK and rt-PA. 

In rodent stroke models, statin pretreatment has been shown to reduce infarct volumes and improve outcomes. Similarly, several clinical studies have shown that prior statin use reduced the severity of acute ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction. Recent studies indicate that beneftt can be achieved even when treatment is initiated after the onset of symptoms. In rodents, atorvastatin and simvastatin have been shown to reduce the growth of ischemic lesions, enhance functional outcome, and induce brain plasticity when administered after stroke onset. A retrospective analysis of the population-based Northern Manhattan Stroke Study (NOMASS) showed that patients using lipid-lowering agents at the time of ischemic stroke have a lower incidence of in-hospital stroke progression and reduced 90-day mortality rates. Retrospective analysis of data of the phase III citicoline trial showed... 

A retrospective case-control study conducted in humans compared spontaneous abortion rates among women who had been exposed occupationally or nonoccupationally to trichloroethylene and other solvents to rates among women without solvent exposure (Windham et al. 1991). The authors observed approximately three times the risk of spontaneous abortion with exposure to trichloroethylene. This risk increased further when women with less than a half hour of exposure to trichloroethylene each week were excluded from the analysis. However, a consistent dose-response relationship was not observed, and most of the women were exposed to a variety of solvents, not just trichloroethylene. 

Often the first few pilot PK studies in formulation development are not aimed for the specific purpose of IVIVC. However, it is normally in these first studies that the greatest difference in release rates is seen, before settling on a target profile, making them very valuable for IVIVC development. Prospective inclusion of an appropriate reference formulation can allow these valuable data to be used retrospectively for the purpose of IVIVC. 

Retrospective IVIVC development, using studies not designed for this purpose, reduces the probability of successful IVIVC development and validation. Normally such studies are compromised by not including a reference formulation and do not have a large enough range of release rates, thereby requiring cross-study comparisons where subjects have different clearance characteristics that could have been accounted for had a reference formulation been incorporated. 

In retrospect, it should have been clear to me - as I am sure it was to Bill Jencks -that the rate and equilibrium constants for addition of solvent to 1-phenylethyl carbocation intermediates of solvolysis of 1-phenylethyl derivatives would serve as the first step in the characterization of the dynamics of the reactions of their ion pair intermediates. Therefore, this earlier work has served as a point of departure for our experiments to determine relative and absolute barriers to the reactions of ion pair intermediates of solvolysis. 

In a retrospective mortality study of over 900 workers exposed from 3 months to 23 years to median time-weighted acetone concentrations up to 1070 ppm there was no significant risk of death from any cause (all causes, malignant neoplasm, circulatory system disease, ischemic heart disease) compared with rates for the general population. ... 

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