Rates experience - retrospective

The prognosis of SLE has much improved during recent decades. The overall 10-year survival rate in retrospective series is 75-85% (Ul). The major cause of early death is usually active disease, whereas the leading cause of late death is atherosclerosis (A2). Infection is a major cause of mortality in all stages of SLE (G16). In our experience with SLE in children, the 5-year renal and patient survival rates were 93.1% and 91.08%, respectively (Y4). Several features of SLE have been associated with mortality in a multivariate model (A3). These features include renal damage, thrombocytopenia, very active disease at presentation, and lung involvement. Despite the large decrease in the mortality of SLE patients, there are still many issues to be resolved (G16). 

Depending on provisions in apphcable compensation laws, there are multiple methods that may set premium rates for an insurer s customers. The key methods are manual rating, schedule rating, experience rating (prospective and retrospective), fixed rates, and premium discounts. 

In retrospect, it should have been clear to me - as I am sure it was to Bill Jencks -that the rate and equilibrium constants for addition of solvent to 1-phenylethyl carbocation intermediates of solvolysis of 1-phenylethyl derivatives would serve as the first step in the characterization of the dynamics of the reactions of their ion pair intermediates. Therefore, this earlier work has served as a point of departure for our experiments to determine relative and absolute barriers to the reactions of ion pair intermediates of solvolysis. 

Little Is known about possible long-term effects of CS Inhalation. This is due In part to the fact that short-term experiments with experimental animals, carried out for from several days to a month and using much higher (In some cases, nearly lethal) concentrations of CS, showed that ocular, respiratory, and cutaneous alte-. rations were mild and readily reversible, whereas necropsy findings failed to reveal any evidence of systemic alterations. Retrospective studies performed by the Hlmsworth committee at the request of the British Parliament after the extensive use of CS in Northern Ireland showed that no adverse effects of CS use were observed, with respect to eye burns, residual respiratory tract injury, Increased death rate in the elderly, exacerbations of mental Illness, increased Incidence of strokes or heart attacks, or incidence of tuberculosis. At exposure concentrations reported by the Hlmsworth committee (about 90 mg-min/m ), no persistent or notably adverse health effects were observed. 

Clear understanding of the differences between channels and carriers only came two decades later with the realization that the turnover number, the rate of maximal ion permeation, for the fastest carrier was at least two orders of magnitude lower that of a typical channel (see Hille, 1984, and below). In retrospect, it is odd to find that the experiments underpinning the two conceptual pillars (channels and carriers) which nurtured membrane transport biology through the second half of the 20th... 

During the first European Tracer Experiment (ETEX-1) a non-depositing tracer gas (Perflouro-Methyl-Cyclo-Hexane) was emitted from a site in Northern France (Brittany (2°00 30", 48°03 30")). The average emission rate was 7.95 g s and it commenced on 23 October at 16 00 UTC lasting for 11 h and 50 min. The spatial and temporal development of the tracer cloud was measured at 168 measurement stations in Europe and both real time and retrospective model inter-comparison projects were carried out (Graziani et al. 1998 Mosca et al. 1998). The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the models ability to transport and disperse a tracer. 

The results presented by KPS were mostly in the form of integral cross sections as a function of collision velocity and thermal rate constants as a function of temperature. There were no experimental cross sections to compare with back then, so most of the analysis was concerned with the comparison of thermal rate constants with either experiment, or with other theories such as transition-state theory. The comparisons with experiment were actually quite good, but KPS included many cautions towards the end of their paper to note the many uncertainties associated with these comparisons. These uncertainties include errors in the potential surface used, uncertainties in the experimental results, and errors due to the use of classical mechanics. They conclude by saying that no unequivocal answer [could] be given concerning. .. the direct applicability of the present study to specific chemical reactions. The authors were, in retrospect, far too pessimistic about the accuracy and usefulness of their results, as I now discuss. 

Experience Rating Retrospective In a very similar method employers with sufficiently large policies can affect their rates while the policy is in force. They do not need to wait for three years. Before a policy starts, the employer and the insurer agree to a set of adjustments in premiums within upper and lower limits. Claim experience will affect premiums during the life of the policy. Normally a policy life is one year, since buyers renew insurance policies annually. 

Experience rating modification factor The experience rating modification factor attempts to reflect an insured s actual losses in relation to the same insured s premium. A factor is a number applied to the manual premium to either increase or decrease the insured s final premium. A retrospective plan modifies the premium after the policy period or after most of the policy period, while a prospective plan examines prior periods, such as the last three years, to produce a premium. 

After a retrospective review of ten years of experience, Carr et al. found that 42% of their cases of VAAs presented with rupture [33]. Half of all the VAAs were splenic artery aneurysms. Of the splenic artery aneurysms that were observed, 33% went on to rupture. This is much higher than the previously reported 2% rupture rate and reflects the fact that... 

Another development in calorimetry, at least in retrospect, was the construction of adiabatic calorimeters operating at constant heating rate. In such an instrument the heating was carried out continuously (scanning calorimeter), i.e., the measurement was not interrupted every 20 K or so to check the isothermal condition, but was carried out in one, continuous run. In such operation, the heat losses were minimized since the experiment could be completed faster, but the accuracy of such scanning calorimeters was considerably less than that of the standard adiabatic calorimeters. The reason for the lesser accuracy is the fact that the heat could not be distributed nearly as uniformly in the sample as in the adiabatic calorimeter. In addition, the loss calibration was also less accurate. 

Retrospective studies evaluated the mortality experience in two cohorts of chemical workers in an Alabama and a Louisiana manufacturing plant (Delzell and Sathiakumar 1992 Sathiakumar et al. 1992). Data from the two studies were pooled to increase the database and thus enhance the informativeness of the results. The 2683 workers with definite or probable exposure to triazines, especially the long-term employees, had a lower mortality rate than the general population (healthy worker effect). The mortality rate in 2234 possibly exposed workers was similar to that of the general population. 

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