Retinol infection

Nirmalan, N., Cordeiro, N.J.V., Klager, S.L., Bradley, J.E. and Allen, J.E. (1999) Comparative analysis of glycosylated and non-glycosylated filarial homologues of the 20-kilodalton retinol binding protein from Onchocerca volvulus (Ov20). Infection and Immunity 67, 6239-6334. 

The presence of a certain number of amino acids is significant for the restitution of the immune system s cells, interferon synthesis process and other factors realization of the immune defense system. The decrease of full-form protein consumption is one of the causes of secondary immune-deficiency states. The significance of ascorbic acid presence for the immune system is supported by the fact that its concentration in the neutrophil granulocytes is 150 times higher than in the blood serum. The significance of retinol s and carotenoids role is supported in the cases of cell differentiation, where DNA synthesis increase, and proliferation decrease thus stabilizing the organism when under infection. 

Reduced plasma levels during the first developmental months have a considerable influence on the total development as well as on the susceptibility for infections of infants. With reduced retinol plasma levels. 

Vitamin A Precursor to rhodopsin, a chemical used for vision assists in inhibiting bacterial and viral infections Night blindness (retinol)... 

A strikingly early symptom of vitamin A deficiency is night blindness. A variety of other symptoms include dry skin and hair, conjunctivitis of the eyes, retardation of growth, and low resistance to infection. The skin symptoms are particularly noticeable in the internal respiratory passages and alimentary canal lining. About 0.7 mg/day of vitamin A is required by an adult. The content of vitamin A in foods is often expressed in terms of international units 1.0 mg of retinol equals 33331.U. 

VITAMIN A. This substance also has been referred to as retinol, axerophthol, biosterol, vitamin Ai, anti-xerophthalmic vitamin, and anti-infective vitamin. The physiological forms of the vitamin include Retinol (vitamin A ) and esters 3-dehydroretinol (vitamin A2) and esters 3-dehydroretinal (retinme-2) retinoic acid neovitamin A neo-b-vitamin Ai. The vitamin is required by numerous animal species. All vertebrates and some invertebrates convert plant dietary carotenoids in gut to vitamin Ai. which is absorbed. Most animal species store appreciable amounts... 

Vitamin A (retinol) improves the humoral and cellular tolerance of a person who suffers from an infection. By affecting the differentiation of cells and regulating the metabolism of steroids, vitamin A stimulates the activity of macrophages and T-cytotoxic lymphocytes. It also raises secretion of cytokines and production of antibodies (Hughes 1999, Pfahl and Chytil 1996). 

RBP forms a 1 1 complex with the tetrameric thyroxine-binding prealbumin, transthyretin. This is important to prevent urinary loss of retinol bound to the relatively small RBP (Mr 21,000), which would be filtered by the glomerulus transthyretin has an Mr of 54,000 hence, the complex will not normally be filtered, ffowever, moderate renal damage, or the increased permeability of the glomerulus in infection, may result in considerable loss of vitamin A bound to RBP-transthyretin. 

Vitamin A-deficient experimental animals fail to grow adults are blind and sterile, with testicular degeneration in males and keratinization of the uterine epithelium in females. Although deficient female animals wUl conceive, and the fetuses will implant, formation of the placenta is impaired and the fetuses are resorbed. Epithelia in general are hyperplastic and keratinized, and there is impaired cellular immunity with increased susceptibility to infection. Both retinol and retinoic acid are required for gestation in the rat in deficient animals, retinoic acid alone will not prevent fetal resorption after about day 10 of gestation (WeUik and DeLuca, 1995 WeUik et al., 1997). 

A mild infection, such as measles, commonly triggers the development of xerophthalmia in children whose vitamin A status is marginal. In addition to functional deficiency as a result of impaired synthesis of RBP (Section 2.2.3) and transthyretin in response to infection, there may be a considerable urinary loss of vitamin A because of increased renal epithelial permeability and proteinuria, permitting loss of retinol bound to RBP-transthyretin. The American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases (1993) recommended vitamin A supplements for aU children who have been hospitalized with measles. 

Interpretation of plasma concentrations of retinol is confounded by the fact that both RBP and transthyretin are negative acute phase proteins, and their synthesis falls, and hence the plasma concentration of retinol fall, in response to infection. Similarly, both protein-energy malnutrition and zinc deficiency result in a low plasma concentration, despite possibly adequate liver reserves as a result of impaired synthesis of RBP. 

Retinoic acid is required for the development of goblet mucous cells. A deficiency results in basal cell proliferation with increased keratini-zation of the epithelial structures. Mucus is one of the essential physical barriers (part of innate immunity) that prevents pathogens from entering the body. Therefore, a retinol deficiency increases the risk of infection. 

PROVITAMIN A (B-carotene) Occurs in carrot, tomato, and paprika. One molecule of -carotene is transformed in fiver and intestinal mucosa to two molecules of vitamin A (retinol). Lack of vitamin A injures the sight and gives xerophthalmia (turbidity) of the conjunctiva, hemeralopia (nightblindness) and increased sensitivity to infections. 

Antifoam T. See Tributyl phosphate Antifoam VOL. See Polysiloxane Antifoam WA-56. See PEG-8 tallate Antifoam Base 263. See Silicone Antigiyskin . See Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) seed extract Antihemorrhagic vitamin. See Vitamin Anti-infective vitamin. See Retinol Antii 120, Antii 127. See PEG-120 methyl glucose dioleate... 

Synonyms Anti-infective vitamin Antixerophthalmic vitamin Axerophthol 3,7-Dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2,4,6,8-nonatretraen-1-ol Oleovitamin A all-trans-Retinol Retrovitamin A Vitamin A Vitamin A alcohol all-trans-Vitamin A alcohol Classification Organic compd. 

A, retinol Fish-liver oil Sight, epithelial tissues Blindness, epithelial infection... 

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