Anti-infective vitamin

VITAMIN A. This substance also has been referred to as retinol, axerophthol, biosterol, vitamin Ai, anti-xerophthalmic vitamin, and anti-infective vitamin. The physiological forms of the vitamin include Retinol (vitamin A ) and esters 3-dehydroretinol (vitamin A2) and esters 3-dehydroretinal (retinme-2) retinoic acid neovitamin A neo-b-vitamin Ai. The vitamin is required by numerous animal species. All vertebrates and some invertebrates convert plant dietary carotenoids in gut to vitamin Ai. which is absorbed. Most animal species store appreciable amounts... 

ANTI-INFECTIVE VITAMIN see VSK600 INFILTRINA see DUD800 INFLAMEN see BMOOOO... 

Synonyms cas 68-26-8 afaxin agiolan alphasterol anatola anti-infective vitamin ... 

Antifoam T. See Tributyl phosphate Antifoam VOL. See Polysiloxane Antifoam WA-56. See PEG-8 tallate Antifoam Base 263. See Silicone Antigiyskin . See Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) seed extract Antihemorrhagic vitamin. See Vitamin Anti-infective vitamin. See Retinol Antii 120, Antii 127. See PEG-120 methyl glucose dioleate... 

Synonyms Anti-infective vitamin Antixerophthalmic vitamin Axerophthol 3,7-Dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2,4,6,8-nonatretraen-1-ol Oleovitamin A all-trans-Retinol Retrovitamin A Vitamin A Vitamin A alcohol all-trans-Vitamin A alcohol Classification Organic compd. 

Cell differentiation disorders. Vitamin A is the anti-infection vitamin . Impaired cell differentiation caused by vitamin A deficiency impairs formation of lymphocytes and is manifest as immunodeficiency disease resulting in increased susceptibUity to infectious diseases. 

It has long been realised that vitamin A plays an important role in combating infection, and it has been termed the anti-infective vitamin . In several species, vitamin A deficiency has been shown to be accompanied by low levels of immxmoglobulins, although the exact fimction of the vitamin in the formation of these important proteins is uncertain. 

The recognition that vitamin A could be used as a treatment for infections dates to antiquity. Fish liver oils, a potent source of vitamin A, were used as a treatment for infections in Greek and Roman medicine. Experiments in the 1920 s suggested that vitamin A-deficient animals were more susceptible to infections, and Green and Mellanby dubbed vitamin A the anti-infective vitamin in 1928 [5]. At least thirty trials were conducted between 1920 and 1940 which examined the use of vitamin A as a therapy for a wide variety of infections in humans. Although these early trials were encouraging, the emergence of sulfa antibiotics in the late 1930 s and the disappearance of malnutrition in industrialized countries led to a caesura in research on vitamin A as an anti-infective therapy. The description of an association between mild vitamin A deficiency and increased child mortality renewed interest in vitamin A [6], and further controlled clinical trials were conducted in the 1980 s which provided more definitive evidence for vitamin A as a public health intervention [2]. 

Unusual features of vitamin A as observed by some investigators include (1) decreases serum cholesterol in large-quantity administration (chicks) (2) dietary protein required to mobilize liver reserves of vitamin A (3) decreased quantities in tumors (4) coenzynre Q10 accumulates in A-deficient rat liver (5) Ubichromenol-50 accumulation in A-deficient rat liver (6) retinoic acid functions as vitamin A except for visual and reproductive functions (7) anti-infection properties and anti-allergic properties (8) decreases basal metabolism (9) detoxification of poisons in the liver aided by vitamin A and (10) vitamin A is involved in triose —> glucose conversions. 

Semba RD (1999) Vitamin A as anti-infective therapy, 1920-1940. Journal of Nutrition 129,783-91. 

Table 2.5 Biocatalysis and white biotechnology processes used by DSM for the production of fine chemicals, anti-infectives and vitamins-commercial products rangingfrom lOOto lOOOOOtpa. Source adapted from Wubbolts [154],...

Of the 57 patients, 28 were treated with vitamin E during the period of the trial and 29 had dummy tablets. Local treatment consisted of the use of anti-infective agents and pressure bandaging. 

Vitamin A is often claimed to possess anti-infection and detoxifying properties. The evidence on which such conclusions are based is often controversial, and alleged beneficial properties are also likely to result from secondary effects of the vitamin. 

The increased rate of infections, particularly of the respiratory system in vitamin D-deficient subjects, must be viewed as an association for which there is epidemiologic evidence. Although mechanisms exist in vitro that can explain how locally produced l,25(OH)2D could enhance innate immunity, no causation can be assigned, as yet, to an anti-infective role for vitamin D (Ginde et al. 2009b Hansdottir and... 

Skepticism concerning the anti-infective role of vitamin D focuses upon the fact that much of the anti-TB effect is an in vitro phenomenon, rather than in vivo (Bruce et al. 2010). As Bruce et al. note, there is little evidence that vitamin D affects the course of human infection. It is conflicting information such as this that indicates the need for prospective trials in groups of patients with TB. 

Green HN, Mellanby E (1928) Vitamin A as an anti-infective agent. Brit Med J 2 691-696... 

World Bank (1993) World Bank Development Report 1993 Investing in Health. University Press, New York Green HN, Mellanby E (1928) Vitamin A as an anti-infective agent. Brit Med J 2 691-696 Sommer A, Tarwotjo I, Hussaini G, Susanto D (1983) Increased mortality in children with mild vitamin A deficiency. Lancet 2 585-588... 

Avitaminosis A manifests itself collectively as a lowered resistance to infections, and for this reason the vitamin has been called the anti-infective factor. The term is misleading, as the vitamin has not been found to have any curative effect in actual infections, but owes its importance to its histo-chemical position as a tissue component. 

An increase of vitamin C and E concentrations in P. vinckei-infected red cells led to the hypothesis that the parasites were able to synthesize these vitamins (quoted in Muller and Kappes, 2007), however, this is not supported by examination of the P. falciparum genome since genes for the synthesis of ascorbate or tocopherol were not found. A deficiency of vitamin C or E has a protective effect in malaria patients possibly because a lack of this anti-oxidant renders the parasites more vulnerable to oxidant stress. 

The most important naturally occuring diazines are the pyrimidine bases uracil, thymine and cytosine, which are constituents of the nucleic acids. Following from this, several pyrimidine nucleoside analogues have been developed as anti-viral agents, for example Idoxuridine is used in the treatment of Herpes infections of the eye, and AZT is the most widely used anti-AIDS drug." The pyrimidine ring also occurs in the vitamin thiamin (chapter 21). The nucleic acid pyrimidines are often drawn horizontally transposed from the representations used in this chapter, i.e. with N-3 to the North-West , mainly to draw... 

The Anti-Infectious Properties of Vitamin D Types of Infections Associated with Deficiency... 

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