Retinol carotenoids and

Azeredo, V. B. and N. M. Trugo (2008). Retinol, carotenoids, and tocopherols in the milk of lactating adolescents and relationships with plasma concentrations. Nutrition 24(2) 133-139. 

Retinol, carotenoids, and tocopherol and risk of prostate cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 82,941-946. Ignatoski, K.M., Maehama, T., Markwart, S.M., Dixon, J.E., Livant, D.L., and Ethier, S.P. 2000. ERBB-2 overexpression confers PI 3 kinase-dependent invasion capacity on human mammary epithelial cells. Br. J. Cancer 82, 666-674. 

WE Lambert, HJ Nebs, MGM De Ruyter, AP De Leenheer. Vitamin A retinol, carotenoids, and related compounds. In AP De Leenheer, WE Lambert, MGM De Ruyter, eds. Modern Chromatographic Analysis of the Vitamins. New York Marcel Dekker, 1985, pp 1-72. 

J w, Jr. (1996) Cis-trans lycopene isomers, carotenoids and retinol in the human prostate. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 5(10) 823-33. 

GIOVANNUCCI E, ASCHERIO A, RIMM E B, STAMPFER M J, COLDITZ G A and WILLETT W 0 (1995) Intake of carotenoids and retinol in relation to risk of prostate cancer. JNatl Cancer Inst. 87(23) 1767-76. 

Li, H. et ah. Determination of carotenoids and all-fra 5-retinol in fish eggs by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. B, 816, 49, 2005. 

Other dietary factors implicated in prostate cancer include retinol, carotenoids, lycopene, and vitamin D consumption.5,6 Retinol, or vitamin A, intake, especially in men older than age 70, is correlated with an increased risk of prostate cancer, whereas intake of its precursor, [3-carotene, has a protective or neutral effect. Lycopene, obtained primarily from tomatoes, decreases the risk of prostate cancer in small cohort studies. The antioxidant vitamin E also may decrease the risk of prostate cancer. Men who developed prostate cancer in one cohort study had lower levels of l,25(OH)2-vitamin D than matched controls, although a prospective study did not support this.2 Clearly, dietary risk factors require further evaluation, but because fat and vitamins are modifiable risk factors, dietary intervention may be promising in prostate cancer prevention. 

During, A, and Harrison, EH, 2007. Mechanisms of provitamin A (carotenoid) and vitamin A (retinol) transport into and out of intestinal Caco-2 cells. J Lipid Res 48, 2283-2294. 

Ezetamibe Inhibits Carotenoid and Cholesterol Absorption in Caco-2 Cells but Not Retinol Absorption... 

The first study was conducted to determine whether carotenoids and cholesterol share common pathways (transporters) for their intestinal absorption (During et al., 2005). Differentiated Caco-2 cells on membranes were incubated (16 h) with a carotenoid (1 pmol/L) with or without ezetimibe (EZ Zetia, an inhibitor of cholesterol transport), and with or without antibodies against the receptors, cluster determinant 36 (CD36) and scavenger receptor class B, type I (SR-BI). Carotenoid transport in Caco-2 cells (cellular uptake + secretion) was decreased by EZ (lOmg/L) as follows P-C and a-C (50% inhibition) P-cryptoxanthin and LYC (20%) LUT ZEA (1 1) (7%). EZ reduced cholesterol transport by 31%, but not retinol transport. P-Carotene transport was also inhibited by anti-SR-BI, but not by anti-CD36. The inhibitory effects of EZ and anti-SR-BI on P-C transport... 

T.W. Knight and A.F. Death, Effects of oral and injected vitamin A (retinol) supplements on liver vitamin A and plasma carotenoid and cholesterol concentrations in cattle. Animal Sci. 69 (1999) 607-612. 

The presence of a certain number of amino acids is significant for the restitution of the immune system s cells, interferon synthesis process and other factors realization of the immune defense system. The decrease of full-form protein consumption is one of the causes of secondary immune-deficiency states. The significance of ascorbic acid presence for the immune system is supported by the fact that its concentration in the neutrophil granulocytes is 150 times higher than in the blood serum. The significance of retinol s and carotenoids role is supported in the cases of cell differentiation, where DNA synthesis increase, and proliferation decrease thus stabilizing the organism when under infection. 

Halliwell, B., Murcia, M.A., Chirico, S., and Aruoma, O.I. 1995. Free radicals and antioxidants in food and in vivo What they do and how they work. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 35, 7-20. Handelman, G.J., Packer, L., and Cross, C.E. 1996. Destruction of tocopherols, carotenoids and retinol in human plasma by cigarette smoke. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 63, 559-565. 

Sesso H, BuringJE, Norkus EB GazianoJM, Plasma lycopene, other carotenoids, and retinol and the risk of cardiovascular disease in women, AmJ Clin Nutr 2004 79 47-53,... 

Nierenberg, D.W. Nairn, S.L. 1992. A method for determining concentrations of retinol, tocopherol, and five carotenoids in human plasma and tissue samples. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 56 417-426. 

Separation and Assay. H.p.l.c. methods have been described for the determination of chloroplast pigments,phytoplankton pigments,and provitamin A carotenoids in tomatoes.Other chromatographic procedures have been devised for the separation of Capsicum carotenoids and chloroplast pigments from tobacco mutants, " and methods for the high-speed video-densitometric determination of carotenoids separated by t.l.c., and for the dual assay of carotenoids and vitamin A in human liver have been reported. H.p.l.c. has been used for the separation of cis-trans-isomers of retinal, retinol and retinyl... 

Handelman GJ, Packer L, Cross CE. Destruction of toco-pherols, carotenoids, and retinol in human plasma by cigarette smoke. Am J Clin Nutr 1996 63(4) 559-65. 

Clinton, S.K., Emenhiser, C., Schwartz, S.J., Bostwick, D.G., Williams, A.W., Moore, B.J. and Erdman, J.W. 1996. Cis-trans lycopene isomers, carotenoids, and retinol in the human prostate. Cancer Epidemiol., Biomarkers Prevent., 5 823-833. 

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