Response amplitude

Fig. 6 a. Response amplitude Rp (peak-to-peak) as a function of the pretreatment light intensity A for fixed stimulus size S = 102. b Phototropic bending rate as a function of light intensity A. The open triangles are from Bergman et al. (1969). The open circles from Reichardt and Varju (1958). (From Foster and Lipson, 1973)... 

In a study where both peripheral and central nervous system effects were measured in rats co-exposed to u-hexane and toluene (Pryor and Rebert 1992), toluene exposure at 1,400 ppm for 14 hours a day for 9 weeks prevented the peripheral neurotoxicity (decreased grip strength and nerve conduction velocities) caused by exposure to 4,000 ppm 77-hcxanc alone. There was no reciprocal action of 77-hexane on the motor syndrome (shortened and widened gait and widened landing foot splay) and hearing loss caused by toluene. Brainstem auditory response amplitudes were decreased by 77-hcxanc, co-exposure to toluene did not block this effect. 

Rat (Sprague- Dawley) 16 wk (W) 2. M 5.7 M lowered auditory startle response amplitude on postnatal day 24 Gill et al. 2000 Chlorite... 

The amplitudes of the response and excitation functions are directly proportional (i.e., an increase in excitation amplitude results in the same relative increase in response amplitude). 

By combining the amplitude with the phase information, the piezoelectric hysteresis loops of each point can be calculated and is depicted in 3-dim in Figure 19.10 (a). Figure 19.10 (b) shows the averaged piezoelectric loop of the 256 points. Since the piezoelectric response (amplitude) is in first approximation proportional to the effective dss this averaged loop can be compared with that obtained with a double beam interferometer and therefore used to... 

A conventional <111> oriented Pb(Zro.45Tio.55)03 (pzt) ferroelectric film, deposited on Pt/Ti02/Si02/Si substrate by sol-gel spin casting and Pt-sputter top electrodes, was used in this study [24], The pzt film thickness was 175 nm. The experimental set-up used for the afm assisted piezoresponse imaging study of the pzt film consisted of a Park Scientific Instrument Autoprobe cp afm combined with a lock-in amplifier to excite and collect the piezoelectric vibration response amplitude and phase. 

Figure 4.27. Response amplitudes of third to sixth harmonics of the superparamagnet magnetization for a = 0 in the adiabatic limit note the logarithmic scale of the vertical axis.

Figure 4.29. Response amplitudes of second to sixth harmonics of the magnetic fluid orientation under the rigid magnetic moment assumption (e = 0). Note the logarithmic scale of the...

A number of coatings can be used for chemical selectivity, such as self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), polymers, metal oxides, and single-stranded DNA. The choice of coatings must take into account the response amplitude, response time, and recovery time. We have chosen a condition of combined detection and recovery time less than 1 min. Often, the response time is faster than the recovery time. For our case, a response time of 10 and a recovery time of 50 s were used. 

The left-hand side of Eq. (177) has a structure similar to the electronic gradient vector in variational wave function calculations. Unlike variational calculations, Eq. (177) cannot be used to determine the response parameters t(n) in a CC calculation. However, for the calculation of the nth geometrical derivative W n Eq. (177) eliminates r(n), which would otherwise appear in the calculation. In fact, we show below that the calculation of (3N-6)n response amplitudes t(n) is replaced by the solution of one set of linear equations of similar but simpler structure. By inserting Eq. (176) in Eq. (177) and rearranging terms, we see that X fulfills the equations... 

In two experimental models of ischaemia, it has been shown that HU-211 significantly increases cell survival. It was seen that after forebrain ischaemia produced by 20 min of carotid occlusion, the number of viable neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region of HU-211-treated rats was significantly higher than in controls. The same effect was seen in gerbils after 10 min of bilateral carotid occlusion on treatment with HU-211 [197, 198]. A related effect has been noted after rat optic nerve crush injury. Administration of HU-211 improved recovery of the nerve, with the visual evoked response amplitude increasing significantly [199],... 

Computer simulation of the time course of the pH change created by the enzyme substrate reaaion shows that the dependence of the response amplitude... 

Figure 16 shows the long-term stability of the FET using a 1.7 mM urea solution. The response amplitude of the sensor decreases rapidly after 40 measurements without adding EDTA (ethylendiamine tetraacetic acid) to buffer solutions (Fig. 16, —EDTA). Adding EDTA to the buffer increases the life of the urea sensor. The urea sensor is usable for more than 2000 assays, showing no decrease in the response amplitude (Fig. 16, +EDTA). The rapid decrease in the response amplitude in the absence of EDTA suggests that heavy metal ions inactivate urease. The effect of EDTA on the durability of a urea sensor has been previously reported (48).

Fig. 18. Effect of Triton X-100 concentration on the response amplitude of a triglyceride-sensitive FET sensor , 0.4 mM tributylin in 10 mM Tris-maleate buffer O, 0.4 mM triolein in 1 mM Tris-maleate buffer V, 2 mM triolein in the 1 mM buffer. (Reproduced from Nakako et al. (26), with permission.)...

Fig. 19. Calibration plot of triolein concentration against the response amplitude of a triglyceride-sensitive FET sensor. (Reproduced from Hanazato et al. (13), with permission.)...

Figure 7. Effect of prolonged (25 min) bath application of 22,23-dihydroavermectin Bla (DHAVM, 10 ug/ml) on the amplitude of iontophoretically evoked GABA hyperpolarizations a) Examples of GABA responses recorded before and after DHAVM application b) Plot of GABA response amplitude versus time DHAVM was first dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and then diluted with saline the final DMSO concentration in saline of 1% had no detectable effect in control experiments ...

The neurotoxic effects after 10 years or more of long-term, low-level occupational exposure to carbon disulfide in workers at a viscose rayon plant were examined by assessing markers of the peripheral and autonomic nervous system (Ruijten et al. 1990, 1993). Reinvestigation of 44 of 45 exposed and 31 of 37 matched control workers revealed changes in the motor nerve conduction velocity (Ruijten et al. 1993). The exposure concentration in the two studies varied from 1 to 30 ppm. For peripheral nerves, a decrease in the conduction velocity in both fast and slow motor nerve fibers (peroneal nerve) was observed in exposed workers. Sensory conduction velocities were reduced and the refractory period of the sural nerve was increased. The effects on the sural nerve were pronounced. A small decrease in conduction velocities in the absence of symptoms of neuropathy and decreased response amplitudes suggest a mild presymptomatic nerve impairment. 

Fig. 15. Transformed frequency response (amplitude ratio) from data of Doemer (45).

Stimulus intensity is set to elicit a response that is 30-40% of the maximum response amplitude. 

Response amplitudes can be reduced by substituting other functional groups (-H, -CH , -OH) for the -amino group by methyl-atlon or acetylation or the -amino moiety by substitution of the -hydrogen or, in some cases, at least, by replacing the primary-carboxyl group. 

As noted in Chapter 1, spectroscopic "absorption" and "dispersion" signals each provide equivalent information, provided that the system is "linear" (i.e., that the response amplitude is proportional to the excitation amplitude, so that no "saturation" occurs). Historically, the absorption spectrum has been preferred over dispersion, because the absorption line shape is narrower and more symmetrical. However, the various Fourier transform spectrometer si produce digitized absorption and dispersion spectra with equal vertical scaling, each containing Falf the available signal information.2 Moreover, even when only the absorption-mode signal is available, the dispersionmode spectrum may be generated by a Hilbert transform.3... 

Various workers have developed models relating the thermal and electrical properties of a pyroelectric element [2] yielding an expression for voltage responsivity (amplitude of signal per unit input power) ... 

To determine the response amplitude we specialize Eq. (b) when sin 25/ = 1 thus... 

Another technique to produce large-area sensors was presented by Castro et al. [72] who used a layer by layer spraying procedure starting from PCL-CNT dispersions on a substrate. The chemo-electrical properties of these sensors exposed to different vapors and vapor concentrations were analyzed (Figure 5.31) and the material s sensitivity (response amplitude Ag) was found to increase when using PCL grafted CNTs in the composites. 

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