Respiratory diseases controlling

Another problem encountered with rodents, primarily rats, is their susceptibility to respiratory diseases. Controlling temperature, humidity, and the day/night cycle are necessary to maintain the health of these animals. The answer to this problem Is to incorporate of individual controls in each rodent holding area. 

Halliday (1990), a Senior Veterinary Investigation Officer, records that he had an apparently effective response to the treatment of respiratory disease in calves, with a combination of Bryonia alba and Hepar sulphuris. In subsequent years, some animals with similar respiratory signs were left untreated as controls. They also recovered, apparently as rapidly and as effectively as the homoeopathically treated calves. 

Human illness, as a result of microbial infection, is an ever-increasing public health crisis. Children often represent the most at-risk population. Worldwide every year billions of cases of microbial infection occur and millions of deaths can be directly attributed to microbial pathogens.1 The Centers for Disease Control estimates that microbial infections are the fourth leading cause of death in the United States, with approximately 75,000 deaths attributable to microbial pathogens annually.2 Not only are there serious physical health effects associated with microbial infections, but the cost of health care associated with microbial infections is shocking. For example, in the United States alone, upper respiratory tract infections in children under the age of 15 account for more than 50 million visits to a doctor s office each year.3... 

Silverman EK, Palmer LJ. Case-control association studies for the genetics of complex respiratory diseases. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2000 22 645-648. 

NIOSH (1976) compared the medical records of 326 workers exposed to phosgene with those of 6,288 unexposed workers from the same plant. Personal air sample measurements at this plant (20-min samples) showed phosgene concentrations ranging from undetectable to 0.02 ppm, and there was a 15 sample average of 0.003 ppm. Fixed-position air samples (20-min or 2-h collection) ranged from undectable to 0.13 ppm in 51 of 56 samples, and >0.14 ppm in 5 of 56 samples. There were no differences in pulmonary function or deaths attributable to respiratory disease between the exposed and control populations. 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Respiratory Disease Studies, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505... 

Particulate matter is a complex emission that is classified as either suspended particulate matter, total suspended particulate matter, or simply, particulate matter. For human health purposes, the fraction of particulate matter that has been shown to contribute to respiratory diseases is termed PMio (i.e., particulate matter with sizes less than 10 tim). From a control standpoint, particulate matter can be characterized as follows (1) particle size distribution and (2) particulate matter concentration in the emission (mg/m ). On occasion, physical property descriptions may also be employed when there are specific control applications. 

Remmers, J. E., and O. J. Balchum. Effects of Los Angeles Urban Air Pollution Upon Respiratory Function of Emphysematous Patients. The Effect of the Microenvironment on Patients with Respiratory Disease. Paper No. 65-43 Presented at the 58th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, Toronto, Canada, June, 1%5. 17 pp. 

Cohort and case control analyses of 1576 workers found no statistically significant associations between titanium dioxide exposure and risk of lung cancer, chronic respiratory disease, and chest roentgenogram abnormalities. No cases of pulmonary fibrosis were observed among titanium dioxide-exposed employees. 

Oseltamivir may not be indicated for use in certain individuals. Its efficacy in patients with chronic cardiac or respiratory disease has not been established. In clinical trials, no difference in the incidence of complications was seen between treatment and control groups. The efficacy of oseltamivir has not been demonstrated in immunocompromised patients, patients who begin treatment after 40 hours of symptoms, or patients given repeated prophylactic courses of therapy. Dosage adjustment is recommended for individuals with renal insufficiency the drug s safety in patients with hepatic insufficiency is unknown. 

Tilmicosin is a macrolide antibiotic exclusively used in veterinary medicine and resembling tylosin. It is approved for treatment of respiratory diseases in beef cattle and sheep by the subcutaneous route (100, 101). It is also indicated for treatment and control of respiratory diseases associated with mycoplasma in broiler chickens, but not in laying hens. Of major significance is that in contrast to other macrolides, tilmicosin is not safe for use in swine since fatalities may occur at dosage as low as 20 mg/kg bw (7). 

Tylosin (Figure 3.64) is an important veterinary antibiotic. It is produced by Streptomyces fradiae, and is used to control chronic respiratory diseases caused by Mycoplasma galliseptum in poultry, and to treat Gram-positive infections in pigs. 

TCDD can produce respiratory irritation, but the findings from controlled epidemiologic studies do not support an association between 2,3,7,8-TCDD exposure and chronic respiratory disease. It should be noted, however, that chronic bronchitis and related effects were observed in many Yusho and Yu-Cheng patients, who were exposed to the structurally related CDFs (ATSDR 1994). 

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