Resistance, microbe

The marine environment clearly holds a tremendous potential for the discovery of lead compounds for development of agents active against infectious diseases and parasites. Within the vast resource of marine flora and fauna are new chemotypes to stem the tide of drug-resistant microbes and insects. Tapping this biological reserve depends on the technology to collect, rapidly recognize, and characterize trace quantities of secondary metabolites. Recent advances in life-support systems and analytical instrumentation, notably with CCUBA, HPLC, NMR, and MS have made this possible. 

Problems of cmtimicrobial resistance have burgeoned during the past decade in most coimtries of the world. Some resistant microbes are currently mainly restricted to patients in the hospitcil, e.g. MRSA, vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), and coliforms that produce extended spectrum P-lactamases. Others more commonly infect patients in the community e.g. penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and multiply-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Evidence is accruing that the outcomes of infections with antibiotic resistant bacteria are generally poorer than those with... 

Stephenson J. Researchers describe latest strategies to combat antibiotic-resistant microbes. JAMA 2001 285(18) 2317-18. 

Herbal Antibiotics, by Stephen Harrod Buhner. Also in Storey s Medicinal Herb Guide series, this book presents the reader with all the current information about antibiotic-resistant microbes and the herbs that are most effective in fighting them. Readers will also find detailed, step-by-step instructions for making and using herbal infusions, tinctures, teas, and salves to treat various types of infections. 144 pages. Paperback. ISBN 1-58017-148-6. 

When you take an antibiotic, the drug treats infection by knocking out hundreds of strains of sensitive bacteria in your body. But it also leaves behind scores of resistant strains—slightly altered versions of the sensitive variety. The resistant microbes, with no stops in place, repopulate themselves rapidly. To make matters worse, these lingering resistant organisms hang out not only in your body, but they can spread to your family and friends—worsening the problem for everyone. 

Once inside the cell, arsenate ions can be reduced to arsenite via membrane-bound or cytoplasmic enzymes. The former are linked to cellular energy conservation and are described in detail later in this chapter and in Chapter 12 the latter are characteristic of As-resistant microbes, do not conserve energy, and have been described in Chapter 10. Before detailing the bioinorganic chemistry of arsenic by micro-organisms, however, we will briefly discuss the incorporation of arsenic into organic compounds. For more details on this subject, we refer the reader to comprehensive reviews by Phillips (6) and Reimer (7). 

Disease pressure on the occupants of a confined space will be higher than in an open area. Because of this, more drugs and antibiotics will be used. Antibiotic-resistant microbes will be most likely to develop in hospitals. 

All strains are tested for resistance to the antibiotics tetracycline and erythromycin as part of the primary characterization. Resistance to these antibiotics is frequently observed in natural isolates from a variety of food and feed sources (Domig et al., 2008). Since antibiotic resistant microbes are undesirable in the food chain, resistant strains will not normally be selected for further product development work. Additional extensive antibiotic-resistance testing is done at a later stage to rule out the presence of resistance to other antibiotics with relevance to medical and veterinary practice. 

Superinfection A secondary infection from the removal of normal microbiota, allowing colonization by pathogenic, and often antibiotic-resistant, microbes. 

Brown KS. Pharmaceutical and biotech firms raking on drug-resistant microbes. The Scientist 1996 10 1.8-9. 

Microbicides for the protection of MWF can be added to the concentrate or to the dilution at the tankside. On adding microbicide to the MWF concentrate problems may arise by enhanced incompatibility in concentrates, by the inability to predict all use-dilutions the latter may cause overdosing and corresponding hazards or underdosing with the risk of selecting resistant microbe species. From a technical standpoint therefore tankside addition is the most rational procedure. It allows the application of the most suitable microbicide or a mixture of microbicides at correct concentrations. 

Nagappan, T.. Ramasamy, P., Wahid, M. E., Segaran, T. C., and Vairappan, C. S. (2011). Biological activity of carbazole alkaloids and essential oil of Murraya koenigii against antibiotic resistant microbes and cancer cell lines. 16,9651-9664. 

Diethanolamine (DEA) and Wetting agent and endocrine disruption. Can result in development of antibiotic-resistant microbes. Can result in the formation... 

In recent years, PUs have been used increasingly as tissue engineering scaffolds (Jia et al., 2013 Keck et al., 2013 Mi et al., 2014 Tsai et al., 2015). Because of the uniquely segmented structure of PUs, many diverse materials that are suitable to a number of tissue engineering applications may be obtained. Due to the increase in antibiotic-resistant microbes, the need for scaffolds with antibacterial properties has become paramount to reduce the dosage of oral antibiotics needed to prevent infection. This chapter discusses common techniques for constructing these scaffolds, strategies to impart antibacterial properties, and copolymer blends used to constmct these scaffolds. 

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