Microbes antibiotic resistance

Hamilton-Miller JM Antibiotic resistance from two perspectives Man and microbe. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2004 23 209-212. 

Several classes of (3-lactamases, often encoded in transmissible plasmids, have spread worldwide rapidly among bacteria, seriously decreasing the effectivenss of penicillins and other (3-lactam anti-biotics.t y Most (3-lactamases (classes A and C) contain an active site serine and are thought to have evolved from the dd transpeptidases, but the B typey has a catalytic Zn2+. The latter, as well as a recently discovered type A enzyme,2 hydrolyze imipenem, currently one of the antibiotics of last resort used to treat infections by penicillin-resistant bacteria. Some (3-lactam antibiotics are also powerful inhibitors of (3-lactamases.U/aa/bb These antibiotics may also have uses in inhibition of serine proteasesCC/dd such as elastase. Some antibiotic-resistant staphylococci produce an extra penicillin-binding protein that protects them from beta lactams.ee Because of antibiotic resistance the isolation of antibiotics from mixed populations of microbes from soil, swamps, and lakes continues. Renewed efforts are being... 

There is no known mechanism by which a gene can be transferred from a plant chromosome to a microbe. Thus, the possibility of that such transfer would generate new resistant organisms is very small, especially when compared to the high rate of spread of resistance through known mechanisms of microbe to microbe transfer to antibiotic resistance. FDA believes that the use of marker genes that encode resistance 10 other clinically useful antibiotics can be evaluated by similar criteria that were used for kanamycin resistance. 

A Tomasz, R Munoz. (3-lactam antibiotic resistance in Gram-positive bacterial pathogens of the upper respiratory tract a brief overview of mechanisms. Microb Drug Resist 1 103-109, 1995. 

The speed with which bacteria acquire resistance to antibiotics cautions restraint about prescribing them too frequently. Between 1983 and 1993, the percentage of patients receiving antibiotics rose from 1.4 to 45. During those years, researchers isolated Eschericia coli annually from patients, and tested the microbes for resistance to five types of fluroquinolones. Between 1983 and 1990, the antibiotics easily killed all 92 E. coli strains tested. However, in the interval from 1991 to 1993, 11 of 40 tested strains (28 percent) were resistant to all five drugs. 

Problems of cmtimicrobial resistance have burgeoned during the past decade in most coimtries of the world. Some resistant microbes are currently mainly restricted to patients in the hospitcil, e.g. MRSA, vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), and coliforms that produce extended spectrum P-lactamases. Others more commonly infect patients in the community e.g. penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and multiply-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Evidence is accruing that the outcomes of infections with antibiotic resistant bacteria are generally poorer than those with... 

Stephenson J. Researchers describe latest strategies to combat antibiotic-resistant microbes. JAMA 2001 285(18) 2317-18. 

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics continues to be a significant problem, as microorganisms appear able to develop resistance to new drugs as rapidly as they are introduced. One of the primary means by which microbes become resistant is through the development or enhancement of methods for the extrusion of antibiotics out of the cell via multi-drug resistance (MDR) pumps [98]. The function of microbial MDRs remains a hotly debated subject given the very broad substrate specificities of... 

Different types of microbes show varying responses to biocides. This is demonstrated clearly in Table 18.2. Additionally, it must be noted that Grampositive bacteria such as staphylococci and streptococci are generally more sensitive to biocides than are Gram-negative bacteria. Enterococci are frequently antibiotic-resistant, but are not necessarily... 

Most people are familiar with CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) and how they eventually became doomed as an input into modern industrial products. Ironically, these compounds were initially introduced as environmentally perfect alternatives due to their nontoxic and nonbioaccumulative nature. This is one of many examples of decisions - in this case about safe materials - that have been made on large scale, only to be followed by a late awakening and significant costs to society and individual organizations. Some of the more recent examples now looming on the horizon may be even worse due to their direct impacts on humans - antibiotic-resistant strains of microbes from antibiotics in biota, hampered kidney function from cadmium in foods, and endocrine disruption from plastic additives, to mention just a few. 

Herbal Antibiotics, by Stephen Harrod Buhner. Also in Storey s Medicinal Herb Guide series, this book presents the reader with all the current information about antibiotic-resistant microbes and the herbs that are most effective in fighting them. Readers will also find detailed, step-by-step instructions for making and using herbal infusions, tinctures, teas, and salves to treat various types of infections. 144 pages. Paperback. ISBN 1-58017-148-6. 

Arguably many of the most important medical advances this century relate to the development of powerful antibiotics and vaccines to treat infectious diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, and parasites. But those breakthroughs have come with a cost—the microbes have learned how to fight back, and with a vengeance. The misuse of antibiotics—these drugs are overprescribed by doctors and people often fail to finish a full prescription—is the most common reason why antibiotic resistance is coming so rapidly to the fore. 

A.D. 2000 "That bitter antibiotic is artificial, ineffective, and toxic besides all the microbes are resistant, and some even feed on it (even vancomycin). Here, eat these bitter herbs. And pray they will help you (95 percent of Americans, but only 33 percent of psychologists, are reported to pray)."... 

Disease pressure on the occupants of a confined space will be higher than in an open area. Because of this, more drugs and antibiotics will be used. Antibiotic-resistant microbes will be most likely to develop in hospitals. 

All strains are tested for resistance to the antibiotics tetracycline and erythromycin as part of the primary characterization. Resistance to these antibiotics is frequently observed in natural isolates from a variety of food and feed sources (Domig et al., 2008). Since antibiotic resistant microbes are undesirable in the food chain, resistant strains will not normally be selected for further product development work. Additional extensive antibiotic-resistance testing is done at a later stage to rule out the presence of resistance to other antibiotics with relevance to medical and veterinary practice. 

Superinfection A secondary infection from the removal of normal microbiota, allowing colonization by pathogenic, and often antibiotic-resistant, microbes. 

Nagappan, T.. Ramasamy, P., Wahid, M. E., Segaran, T. C., and Vairappan, C. S. (2011). Biological activity of carbazole alkaloids and essential oil of Murraya koenigii against antibiotic resistant microbes and cancer cell lines. 16,9651-9664. 

Diethanolamine (DEA) and Wetting agent and endocrine disruption. Can result in development of antibiotic-resistant microbes. Can result in the formation... 

In recent years, PUs have been used increasingly as tissue engineering scaffolds (Jia et al., 2013 Keck et al., 2013 Mi et al., 2014 Tsai et al., 2015). Because of the uniquely segmented structure of PUs, many diverse materials that are suitable to a number of tissue engineering applications may be obtained. Due to the increase in antibiotic-resistant microbes, the need for scaffolds with antibacterial properties has become paramount to reduce the dosage of oral antibiotics needed to prevent infection. This chapter discusses common techniques for constructing these scaffolds, strategies to impart antibacterial properties, and copolymer blends used to constmct these scaffolds. 

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