Process research and development

The initial research effort may prove to be a broad spectmm of apphcations or solutions to the original problem that in turn provide any number of inventions. When efforts move toward reducing the invention to practice and refining the invention so that it proves to be commercially marketable, certain apphcations may prove to be unfeasible or commercially impractical. As a result, only one apphcation, eg, the creation of a given pattern on the surface of the automobile tire, may ultimately prove commercially marketable. However, ah the solutions which are developed and considered over the research and development process may comprise inventions that are worthy of disclosure and claiming in a patent. An apphcation which is not commercially viable today may become viable within the seventeen-year lifetime of a patent. 

Suits and Bueche conclude their case-histories with a superb analysis of the sources, tactics and uses of applied research, and make the comment The case histories just summarised show, first of all, the futility of trying to label various elements of the research and development process as basic , applied or development . Given almost any definition of these terms, one can find variations or exceptions among the examples. ... 

From these definitions one may corroborate the intention of HTS in chemistry and materials science. The total speed-up factor of this part of the R D (Research and Development) process, as stated earlier, is between 5 and 50, but contrary to most of the pharma applications true (semi-) quantitative answers will result. As a result, this approach is essentially applicable in any segment of R D. On the other hand, this approach requires methods of experimentation that have almost the same if not the same accuracy as in the traditional one-experiment-at-the time approach. This is key as (i) in process optimisation accuracy is key and (ii) in research, also in academic research, accuracy is important as some polymer properties do not span a wide range of values (e.g., the elastic modulus of amorphous polymers) or may depend critically on molecular weight distribution or molecular order. 

In order to understand how pharmacogenomics can be used in the drug research and development process it is necessary to understand what the aims of each phase of this process are, and are what the questions each phase is trying to answer. 

Some chemicals sold in small volumes cannot withstand a lengthy research and development process. Large R D costs would be spread over too low a sales volume to allow the product to compete with existing chemicals. Only those which are obviously essential or obviously provide significant technological advance can support high initial costs. 

The firm s scientific base, and the knowledge capital acquired by that base, they contend, dominates any simple economies of either scope or scale in determining the success or outcomes of a firm s research and development process. Scope and scale by themselves are less important than the knowledge capital accumulated by the firm. 

The commercialization of EOs can be targeted around their bioactivity, and in this context the discovery of new uses and applications of EOs will further drive the research and development process [5]. EOs with promising activities are thus reviewed in the present work. 

Mixing achieved in the initial research and development processing must be in turbulent range. If the impeller Reynolds number is <2000, then mixing in the pilot tank was either inadequate or represented some other special case such as moderately viscous fluids. In these situations, another D/T ratio curve must be used. 

Written for professionals in the industry, this book covers the research and development process step by step. It will have too much technical detail for most researchers, but chapter 8, on regulations, can be helpful. Also, an appendix on the history of the drug industry is less technical than other chapters. 

The research and development process to a new drug consists of the following steps ... 

The discovery and optimization of catalytic processes can be approached by using chemical intuition and experience with related catalytic processes. Catalytic materials are selected and/or synthesized, followed by the testing in catalytic reactors and characterization by various physical, chemical, and spectroscopic techniques. At some point in the research and development process, it also becomes useful to supplement these experimental studies with quantitative analyses of the reaction kinetics to compare and/or extrapolate the performance of different catalytic materials at various reaction conditions. 

In summary, there is a wealth of molecular information and stractural diversity available from a wide variety of suppliers of screening libraries. These resources are becoming more and more a key part of the pharmaceutical research and development process and are no longer simply regarded as a source of cheap or poor quality structures. Those providers who recognise the need for better quality molecules that fit descriptors for lead- or drug-likeness will be the ones who are likely to benefit the most from this recognition. In turn, those benefits will be passed back to the research and development community as a further improvement in supply and collaboration. 

The ultimate focus of the endeavors of medicinal chemists is to develop a successful drug that will cure patients. However, with the increased regulatory requirements within the competitive biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry, the initial research to achieve this objective must be conducted in a rapid and thorough manner. During the drug research and development process, the important and subtle relationship between chirality and biological activity should be carefully considered. 

Information and the generation of knowledge based on it are integral to the research and development process in the pharmaceutical industry. Without effective management of our information resources, these assets will have... 

Whereas Sect. 1.1 dealt with the problem to be solved and Sect. 1.2 discussed a resulting integrated prototypical environment, this section discusses the project and the research and development process to solve these problems. 

This first chapter briefly explains the sequential research and development process carried out in the pharmaceutical industry. A large body of knowledge needs to be acquired in order to identify, validate, and develop potentially active substances that may effectively interfere with the course of the disease. As information specialists, we play a key role in supporting each step along the way. 

In the extensive research and development process used with all STC units, scientists and educators, Including experienced elementary school teachers, act as consultants to teacher-developers, who research, trial teach, and write the units. The process begins with the developer researching the unit s content and pedagogy. Then, before writing the unit, the developer trial teaches lessons in public school classrooms in the... 

Warren J. Close To open this discussion, I shall bring up a subject which has important implications in many of the papers presented today —i.e., the cost of research. In dealing with this matter I feel that we are too often confusing research with research and development. Frequently I see published data labeling certain costs research when, indeed, the research and development process was being alluded to. We see this in financial analyses, too, and we hear corporation heads using the term research when indeed they mean research and development. Even today, I noted that some of our distinguished panelists referred to research when they meant research and development. ... 

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