Required conditions

P-Pinene Manufacture. p-Pinene is obtained by fractionation of turpentine. The price of p-pinene, min 97%, was 5.28/kg in 1995 and that quahty is used mosdy in flavor and perfumery appUcations (45). Most of the P-pinene produced by the turpentine fractionators is used captively for producing fragrance chemicals or for P-pinene resins. P-Pinene is shipped in tank cars, tank wagons, deck tanks, and lined dmms. Prolonged storage requires conditions precluding autooxidation and polymerization. 

Aromatic Aldehydes. Carbon monoxide reacts with aromatic hydrocarbons or aryl haHdes to yield aromatic aldehydes (see Aldehydes). The reaction of equation 24 proceeds with yields of 89% when carried out at 273 K and 0.4 MPa (4 atm) using a boron trifluoride—hydrogen fluoride catalyst (72), whereas conversion of aryl haHdes to aldehydes in 84% yield by reaction with CO + H2 requires conditions of 423 K and 7 MPa (70 atm) with a homogeneous palladium catalyst (73) and also produces HCl. 

Comparison of Efficiency of Various Plates Several studies of various plates have been carried out under conditions such that direct and meaningful comparisons are possible. Required conditions include identical system, same pressure, same column diameter, and equivalent submergence. Standart and coworkers [B/ Chem. Eng., 11 (11), 1370 (1966) Sep. Sci, 2, 439 (1967)] used the methanol-water system at atmospheric pressure in a 1.0-m (3.3-ft) column. For a plate spacing of 0.4 m (15.7 in) they studied the following ... 

Packed Columns versus Plate Columns Packed columns are usually specified when plate devices would not be feasible because of undesirable fluid charac teristics or some special design requirement. Conditions favoring packed columns are ... 

Aim to protect the health and safety of everyone m the workplace and ensure that adequate welfare facilities are provided. Covers e.g. general ventilation, temperature m indoor workplaces, lighting, cleanliness, space requirements, condition of floors and traffic routes, measures against falls/fallmg objects, washing facilities. 

V = 1,239 scf/min (minimum, may want to consider actually using 10-15% more for some assurance that the required conditions will be met. 

If it is desired to evaluate a change in performance on an existing tower, knowing the required conditions and numbers of decks and kind of packing, calculate KaV/L for we assumed values of L /G. ... 

Since the purpose of a refrigeration or air-conditioning system will be to reduce or maintain temperature, a thermostat will usually be fitted to stop the equipment or reduce its capacity when the required condition is reached. The following types are in use ... 

Previous chapters have outlined the methods of estimating loads, choosing methods to achieve the required conditions, and howto select and balance plant for correct operation. Theyhave also mentioned the factors which will give economy in running costs. 

Third, creep data application is generally limited to the identical material, temperature use, stress level, atmospheric conditions, and type of test (that is tensile, flexural, or compressive) with a tolerance of 10%. Only rarely do product requirement conditions coincide with those of a test or, for that matter, are creep data available for all the grades of materials that may be selected by a designer. In such cases a creep test of relatively short duration, say 1,000 hours, can be instigated, and the information be extrapolated to long-... 

Emulsion polymerization has proved more difficult. N " Many of the issues discussed under NMP (Section 9.3.6.6) also apply to ATRP in emulsion. The system is made more complex by both activation and deactivation steps being bimolecular. There is both an activator (Mtn) and a deactivator (ML 1) that may partition into the aqueous phase, although the deactivator is generally more water-soluble than the activator because of its higher oxidation state. Like NMP, successful emulsion ATRP requires conditions where there is no discrete monomer droplet phase and a mechanism to remove excess deactivator built up in the particle phase as a consequence of the persistent radical effect.210 214 Reverse ATRP (Section 9.4,1,2) with water soluble dialky 1 diazcncs is the preferred initiation method/87,28 ... 

A word of caution should be added with regard to the calculation of the burn-out flux for a pressure intermediate to the main pressure groups that have been correlated this calculation must not be done by taking intermediate y values from Table II. The recommended procedure is to estimate the burn-out flux for the required conditions for the main pressure groups above and below the required pressure, and then to interpolate linearly. It must be also emphasized that while the above correlations can be used with confidence within the experimental ranges of the data, extrapolation outside these ranges should not be taken very far without allowing for a possible reduction in the accuracy obtained. 

Since, with the equilibrium maintained, the right hand side of eqn. (20) is equal to one, the required condition or restriction is given by... 

As is well known, many experimental smdies have been made extensively to search for a possibility of encapsulation of atoms by hollow fullerenes since the discovery of Cgo by Kroto et al. [143]. These methods, however, usually require high tempratures and high pressures, or ion implantation. The yields are also as low as 0.4—10 %. In this sense, the efficiency in our case is much higher and the required conditions are much milder with collison energy of 2 eV. However, the boron substimtion is a bottle neck, although Smalley and co-workers successfully synthesized boron-doped fullerenes [144]. 

A product to be labelled sterile must be flee of viable microoiganisms. To achieve this, the product, or its ingredients, must undergo a sterilization process of sufficient microbiocidal capacity to ensure a minimum level of sterihty assurance (Chapter 20). It is essential that the required conditions for sterihzation be achieved and maintained through every operation of the sterilizer. 

An amino-formaldehyde resin or acetone-formaldehyde resin has the capability to harden in alkaline media, in contact with a cement solution with a pH of 11 to 12. The presence of sintered CaO provides the required conditions for hardening of the methylol groups of the formaldehyde resin with Ca + ions and a further simultaneous reaction of the methylol groups that formed hydrate compounds, resulting in an improved dispersion and plastification of the solution. 

Eliminations have also been carried out on a number of compounds of the form HalCH2CH2Y, where Y = OH, OR, OCOR, NH2, etc. these eliminations normally require conditions more drastic than for 1,2-dihalides, and metals or metal cations are found to be more effective than Ie. These eliminations are often found to be somewhat indiscriminate in their stereochemistry. The elimination of CO Br6 from the diastereoisomer (72) of 2,3-dibromo-3-phenylpropanoate in Me2CO is, however, found to proceed 100% ANTI, and under extremely mild conditions ... 

Required conditions for organic chemical hydrides to supply hydrogen will be summarized as follows ... 

At very high surface coverage, the equations reduce formally to the Langmuir form. However, it is very unlikely that the required conditions (constant K etc.) would remain valid in such cases. 

As stated earlier, the biodegradation of azo dyes requires an anaerobic and aerobic phase for the complete mineralization. The required condition can be implemented either by spatial separation of the two sludge using a sequential anaerobic-aerobic reactor system or in one reactor in the so-called integrated anaerobic-aerobic reactor system. In recent years, combined anaerobic-aerobic treatment technologies are extensively applied in the treatment of azo dye-containing wastewaters. Table 1 lists the systems based on combined anaerobic-aerobic treatment in separate reactors. Table 2 lists SBR based on temporal separation of the anaerobic and the aerobic phase. Table 3 lists the other systems, either hybrids with aerated zones or micro-aerobic systems based on the principle of limited oxygen diffuse in microbial biofilms [91]. 

Author has studied the phenomenon in detail, and published the results [3-5] that the observable possibility is appreciable, while Lawson condition is not satisfied. In order to realize the nuclear emission, both the plasma temperature (T0) and the density of D ions (nD) should be large enough to satisfy the required conditions. The density rto is determined by plasma density, which depends upon the vapor pressure in the initial bubble. 

In the cases where CuS04 is used as an activator, mercaptan is used as a primary collector. Typical amine consumptions ranged from 80 to 150 g/t. Amine is a fast-acting collector and does not require conditioning time. 

A require condition is an invariant that it is the responsibility of the component s user to maintain. By contrast, a regular invariant is one that, given that the require condition is hue, is maintained by the component. A require condition governs the relationship between properties. A typical one might be... 

As with a precondition, it is a matter of design policy whether the implementor assumes that the require condition will always be observed by a careful client or whether the implementation performs checks to see that it is true. 

Different component architectures treat constraints differently. The simplest approach is to treat the constraint as a form of require condition the user must ensure that it is not violated. 

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