Acetone-formaldehyde resins

An amino-formaldehyde resin or acetone-formaldehyde resin has the capability to harden in alkaline media, in contact with a cement solution with a pH of 11 to 12. The presence of sintered CaO provides the required conditions for hardening of the methylol groups of the formaldehyde resin with Ca + ions and a further simultaneous reaction of the methylol groups that formed hydrate compounds, resulting in an improved dispersion and plastification of the solution. 

V. E. Akhrimenko, V. B. Levitin, L. V. Palij, Y. Ya. Taradymenko, and V. P. Timovskij. Plugging solution for cementing oil and gas wells— contains Portland cement, expanding additive based on sintered calcium oxide, amino-formaldehyde or acetone-formaldehyde resin and water. Patent SU 1776765-A, 1992. 

Polymer concretes based on phenol-formaldehyde, acetone-formaldehyde resins and monomers, and methyl methacrylate are much less common. Phenolic resins are similar to furan in many physical and mechanical properties. However, they are unstable in alkalis like polyester resins [7],... 

Polymerizafion of Double-Bonded Methylene Compounds. Some acetone-formaldehyde resins are formed in this way ° ... 

L. Eoff. Acetone/formaldehyde/cyanide resins. Patent US 5290357, 1994. 

One of the earliest commercial plastics was Bakelite , formed by the reaction of phenol with a little more than one equivalent of formaldehyde under acidic or basic conditions. Baeyer first discovered this reaction in 1872, and practical methods for casting and molding Bakelite were developed around 1909. Phenol-formaldehyde plastics and resins (also called phenolics) are highly cross-linked because each phenol ring has three sites (two ortho and one para) that can be linked by condensation with formaldehyde. Suggest a general structure for a phenol-formaldehyde resin, and propose a mechanism for its formation under acidic conditions. (Hint Condensation of phenol with formaldehyde resembles the condensation of phenol with acetone, used in Problem 26-17, to make bisphenol A.)... 

Polyelectrolytes useful as ion-exchange resins have been prepared by beating a mixture of acrylonitrile, acetone, formaldehyde, and sodium bisulfite in a strongly alkaline aqueous solution and then saponifying the resulting polymer. 

Indeed. Mannich aminomcthylation represents the repetitive-cumulative reaction giving rise to several types of formaldehyde resins the most relevant of these are melamine resins, which have been abundantly investigated and reported in a quite large series of patents. Melamines, as well as guanamincs, have also been tested in combination with phenols or urea derivatives, behaving as Mannich substrates in this type of reaction. Further examples of Mannich polymerization involving other amines and acetonic, phenolic, etc., substrates arc found in Chap. Ill, A (sec also 425, Chap. I1I.C.I). 

From Table 1, the separation fectors for acetone-formaldehyde separability are 0.49, 0.98 and 1.54 for Dowex 50WX8 (H+), Dowex 1X8(C1) and Dowex 1X8(S04 ) resins, respectively. For comparison purposes, it may be necessary to use the inverse of a, so that the values would be 2.03 and 1.02 for Dowex 50WX8(H ) and Dowex 1X8(C1 ), respectively. When a is less than l,thesoluteinthenumeratorwillexitthecolumnfirst. When a is greater than 1, the solute in the denominator will exit the column first. 

The acetone-formaldehyde separation would be an example of affinity difference chromatography in which molecules of similar molecular weight or isomers of compounds are separated on the basis of differing attractions or distribution coefficients for the resin. The largest industrial chromatography application of this type is the separation of fructose from glucose to produce 55% or 90% fructose com sweetener,... 

Small amounts of cumene are used as thinners for paints, lacquers, and enamels, and as solvents in paints and other types of coatings. By far the greatest amount of cumene, however, is used as a raw material in the manufacture of phenol, acetone, and methyl styrene. These compounds, in turn, have a great many chemical and industrial uses. Some of the most important uses are the production of plastics, such as polystyrene, phenol-formaldehyde resins, and polycarbonates. 

Simple PF resins are readily attacked by sodium hydroxide. However, cresol-formaldehyde, and especially xylenol formaldehyde resins, are much less susceptible to attack. Resins are often more resistant to strong alkaline solutions (i.e., 15 to 20%) than to dilute solutions (i.e., 5%). The filler has a considerable influence on the chemical resistance of the resins. Inert mineral fillers have a better resistance than cellulosic fillers. C-stage resins are resistant to most acids, except sulfuric acid stronger than 50%, formic acid, and oxidizing acids such as nitric and chromic acids. The insolubility of hardened resins in acetone is used to test the degree of cure of the resin. The curing temperature influences the... 

Poly(hydroxymethyl furfurylidene-acetone) adhesive resins were synthesized and characterized [68-70] through the 5-formaldehyde adduct (19) and its acid-catalyzed polymerization. The catalysts used were sulfuric, phosphoric, or p-toluenesulfonic acid. The authors postulated that the first condensation products resulted from the condensation of two methylol groups of two 19 molecules (adduct 20). They also proposed a hypothetical structure of the network formed after curing (21). It seems, however, difficult to envisage the acid-catalyzed resinification of 19 without the participation of hydrogen atoms at the C5 position of the furanic ring [2]. 

The story starts some fourteen years after Baeyer had initiated the first study of phenol-formaldehyde condensation chemistry (which led to the study of phenol-formaldehyde resins and subsequently to calixarene chemistry)" - with the publication of his paper on the condensation of pyrrole and acetone. Baeyer mixed pyrrole, acetone and hydrochloric acid and obtained a white crystalline material, which later proved to be the tetra-pyrrolic macrocycle, me.so-octamethylcalixpyrrole 1. 

Properties Wh. gran, to pale yel. cryst. powd. sol. in water si. sol. in alcohol, acetone m.w. 180.17 dens. 1.25 dec. without melting 197-199 C Toxicology LD50 (oral, mouse) 350 mg/kg LDLo (subcut., rabbit) 500 mg/kg toxic by ing. mod. toxic by subcut. route TSCA listed Precaution Combustible Hazardous Decomp. Prods. Heated to decomp., emits toxic vapors of NOx Uses Comonomer for melamine-formaldehyde resins buffer, skin conditioner in cosmetics softener, antistat for hair care aikaii org. intermediate soaps component for fiame retardants... 

Acetone n-Butyl acetate Butyl alcohol Candelilla (Euphorbia cerifera) wax Carnauba (Copernica cerifera) wax Ethyl acetate Hexane Methyl ethyl ketone Tetrahydrofuran Toluene adjuvant, rinse hog dehairing EO/PO block polymer or copolymer adjuvant, SAN copolymer food packaging Tosylamide/formaldehyde resin adjuvant, slimicides food-contact paper Tetrahydrofuran... 

N-(n-Butyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane 3-Glycidyloxypropyltriethoxysilane Tris (p-isocyanatophenyl) thiophosphate primer, automotive Urea-formaldehyde resin primer, diesel fuels Acetone oxime... 

C3H6N6 CH4N2O CH2O) Urea/melamine/formaldehyde resin C3H6N6O3 Hexahydrotriazine C3H6O Acetone Allyl alcohol Propionaldehyde Propylene oxide Vinyl methyl ether (C3H60)x... 

Polyaddition adhesives include epoxy and polyurethane polymers which can either be 100% solids, water-based, reactive or non-reactive hot melts or contain solvents mostly to regulate viscosity. Typical solvents include methyl ethyl ketone, acetone, mineral spirits, toluene, and xylene. Polycondensation adhesives include phenol-formaldehyde resin, polyamides, polyesters, silicones and polyimides. With the exception of polyesters (which require ethanol and N-methylpyrrolidone as solvents) and polyimides (which require... 

Nitrocellulose, polyester, acrylic and methacrylic ester copolymer, formaldehyde resin, rosin, cellulose acetate butyrate are the most frequently used polymers in nail polish formulations. Solvents were selected to suit the polymer used. These include acetone, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, methyl glycol acetate, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, toluene, xylene, isopropyl alcohol, methyl chloroform, and naphtha. Solvents constitute a substantial Ifaction of the composition usually around 70%. Reformulation is ongoing to improve the flexibility and durability of the nail polish. Other efforts are directed to improve antifungal properties,to eliminate ketones and formaldehyde resin (ketones because of their toxicity and irritating smell and formaldehyde resins because they contribute to dermatitis), and elimination of yellowing. All efforts are di-... 

The copolymerization of ethylene with larger amounts of dicyclopenta-diene with, for example, vanadium trisacetyl acetonate/AIR3 as catalyst, leads to polymers with isolated double bonds. They oxidize at room temperature to insoluble cross-linked films. They can be cross-linked with phenol/ formaldehyde resins and blended with them. 

Hamaker applies this type of curve to lyophilic sols only. In our opinion this application is too limited. We will see, for instance, on p. 178, that certain sols with spherical macromolecules (phenol-formaldehyde resin in acetone) behave typically according to this type of curves, whilst they cannot be considered as lyophilic, because solutions up to a concentration of 50% can be made, still having a low viscosity. 

Phenol-formaldehyde resin (globular) 2% in acetone Polystyrene (chain-molecules) 1% in tetralin ... 

During the thermal decomposition of phenol-formaldehyde resins, considerable quantities of volatiles (up to 50% of the initial mass) having a rather diverse composition are liberated. At temperatures up to 360 °C one may observe release of considerable quantities of propanols (up to 11% mass), acetone (6.7% mass), propylene (4.0% mass) and butanols (3.0% (mass). The non-volatile products of decomposition at temperatures up to 400 °C cause an increase in the quantity of acetone (17.6% mass) while, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and methane which are the major products of decomposition also begin to be released. The quantity of non-volatile pyrolysis products (molecular mass about 350) is gradually reduced to about 37% (mass) at elevated temperatures. 

Resite n. A phenol-formaldehyde resin in the final state of the curing process. In this stage it is insoluble in alcohol and acetone, and infusible. Alternate term for C-stage. See C-stage also called resitol and resol. 

Silica was coated with a phenol-formaldehyde resin from acetone solution and cured and found to impart good shear stability when used as a grease thickener (608). 

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