Renewable resources biosynthesis

Plants represent a precious renewable resource and an important treasure chest for the rich variety and enormous diversity of flavonoid compounds. It is evident that flavonoids exhibit a broad range of functions, most of which are dependent on the presence of various modifications to the basic carbon skeleton. Several classes of enzymes are responsible for the wide array of metabolites produced. Their activities are not necessarily mutually exclusive, although they may act in a sequential manner, with one modification determining future substitution events. Nevertheless, there are numerous flavonoid compounds that have been isolated whose synthesis remains unclear. Efforts directed towards the elucidation of the biosynthesis and physiology of these novel compounds should yield valuable information that can be applied in various systems. 

The materials that make up the renewable resources are agricultural based and based on biosynthesis. 

The limited uptake of the precinsor cholesterol into the cells in general and the need for sustainable steroid production based on renewable resources fuelled the development of the industrially relevant de novo artificial biosynthesis of hydrocortisone starting from endogenous ergosterol in recombinant Saccharomyces cerevi-siae [339, 340]. The biosynthesis of ergosterol,... 

Still, the supply of blo-based polymer components. In particular the supply of diamines from biological sources for economic production, remains a challenge [6, 12, 13]. Approaching this Issue, systems and synthetic metabolic engineering has meanwhile tailored the prominent industrial workhorses Escherichia coli [14, 15] and Corynebacterium glutamicum [16-18] for de novo biosynthesis of promising diamines from renewable resources. This chapter highlights recent achievements in this field In the context of a future and sustainable bioeconomy. 

Cadaverine (diaminopentane, DAP), a carbon-5 aliphatic metabolite, is a minor member of the biogenic polyamine family. It owes its trivial name to its first discovery in 1885 during systematic investigation of the putrefaction process of human cadavers [52]. In contrast to DAB, there is no efficient petrochemical production route available, which for a long time hampered its industrial application in the polymer industry. However, several bio-based production processes have meanwhile been developed for DAP production from renewable resources [6, 12, 15-17, 53]. Only recently, Cathay introduced the fully biobased polyamide PA5.10 Terryl , which entered the market in 2015. While the proprietary production process relies on biocatalytic conversion of the rather high-priced fine-chemical lysine, other attempts aim at a fully novo biosynthesis with streamlined cell factories for the direct fermentative production of DAP from cheap conventional fermentation feedstock. For establishing a one-step fermentation process for DAP, the industrial lysine producers E. coli and C. glutamicum were therefore the ideal metabolic chassis. 

We are currently exploring the biosynthesis of novel polyamides from renewable resources using the bacterium Bacillus licheniformis (ATCC 9945a). The use of these polymers for specific biomedical and environmentally degradable polymer applications is currently under investigation. In this paper, we report the effect of culture time and the availability of nutrients on the production and molecular weight of t-PGA. Modification of r-PGA to form water insoluble derivatives will also be described. Finally, characterization of these products by NMR spectroscopy and thermal analysis is reported. 

There are three basic routes to produce polymers from renewable resources feedstock. Direct extraction yields polymer materials such as cellulose, starch, fibres, oils and proteins from which plastic materials can be developed. The second pathway is to convert raw materials first into biomonomers by hydrolysis, and then to polymers by chemical synthesis. A good example is PLA, the most commercialised so far. The third route is to obtain polymeric materials directly by microbial way from carbon sources through biosynthesis (fermentation). A typical example is the production of PHAs by bacteria. 

The production of canned crab and shrimp meat as well as the production of citric acid from Aspergillus niger originates very large amounts of chitinous wastes, which not only represent a worry from the ecological standpoint, but also a destruction of renewable polysaccharidic resources 10, Moreover, insects destroy a substantial aliquot of our crops thus, since insects possess a chitinous exoskeleton and their larvae are protected by a chitinous membrane, H an important approach to the crop protection and insect control is the inhibition of chitin biosynthesis 12-15 also interested in protecting... 

Biosynthesis in plants and trees using sun radiation, atmospheric carbon dioxide, water, and soil nutrients produces huge amounts of biomass estimated up to 200 Gt/y, a figure to be compared to 7 Gt/y of extracted fossil fuels. Increasing use of biomass for energy, chemicals and material supply is one of the key issues of sustainable development because bio-based resources are renewable and CO2 neutral unlike fossil fuels. Presently, only 7% of the annual biomass is harvested for food, feed and non-food sq)plications. Food and feed will remain priority number one, but improved agricultural techniques and genetic modification of crops will increase yields substantially. Renewables dedicated to non-food applications could come from specialized crops or... 

Sorbitol is one of the top 12 high value-added building block intermediate chemicals that can be produced from renewable biomass resources (Celligoi et al., 2010). The biosynthesis of such a biotechnological product may be affected by the concentration of nutrients in the culture medium, by environmental conditions, and by the new biotechnological processes, as cell permeabilization and immobilization (Celligoi et al., 2010 Liu et al., 2010). 

Ramachandran, H., Amirul, A.A., 2013. Evaluation of unrefined glycerine pitch as an efficient renewable carbon resource for the biosynthesis of novel yellow-pigmented P(3HB-co-4HB) copolymer towards green technology. Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering 18 (6), 1250-1257. 

Cellulose is the most abundant organic matter on Earth. Total resources of cellulose in the nature reach one trillion tons (Klemm et al., 2005). Moreover, being renewable in the nature a mass of this biopolymer increases approximately on 100 billion tons annually as a result of the photo-biosynthesis (Field et al., 1998). 

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