Reindeer, Rangifer tarandus

The determinants of F. have been subject to experimentation mostly in field and captive studies of ungulates. These support the expected association between the frequency and occurrence of Flehmen and the seasonality of reproduction. The elicitation of F. can also depend upon the social context presentation of urine or other stimuli alone may not produce consistent displays. When conspecific urine was tested out of context (i.e. no female present) in male Black-tailed deer, there was no discrimination between urine from individual adult males or between urine from estrous/non-estrous females (Altieri, 1980). Correlation of male endocrine status in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) showed that the elevation of testosterone during rut and the duration of F. elicited by female urine was coincident F. bouts during rat were twice as long following exposure to adult female urine as to that of immature females (Mossing and Damber, 1981). 

Reindeer, Rangifer tarandus fennica] northwestern Russia 1986-90 ... 

In Alaska, reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) infested with reindeer warble fly (Oedemagena tarandi) produced hides of little value and low quality meat. Reindeer warble flies were not controlled by pour-on applications of famphur because the product was unable to penetrate the hair coat of reindeer however, intramuscular injections were effective (Ivey et al. 1976). In Norway, Sweden, and Finland, famphur was the most promising control agent against reindeer warble fly and reindeer nostril fly (Cephenomyis trompe) — two parasites that together caused a 15 to 20% annual loss of total yield in reindeer husbandry (Nieminen et al. 1980). 

Famphur is administered to livestock by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection, through the diet, as a dermal pour-on, or as an oral bolus. In mammals, famphur induced mortality at concentrations as low as 11.6 mg/kg BW in intraperitoneal injection (mouse), 27 mg/kg BW in a single oral exposure (mouse), >33.3 mg/kg BW in an intramuscular injection (Brahman cattle, Bos indicus), and 400 mg/kg BW in a dermal application (rat, Rattus sp.). Latent effects of famphur exposure were reported in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) hinds 1 year posttreatment (altered blood chemistry). Famphur is rapidly metabolized by mammals. The half-time persistence of famphur and famoxon in subcutaneous fat of cattle after a single pour-on application is 0.9 days and is independent of dose between 25 and 150 mg/kg BW or initial tissue residues between 1.8 and 2.3 mg/kg BW. 

Nieminen, M., J. Timisjarvi, and M. Laitinen. 1980. The effects of antiparasitic treatment on the condition of semi-domestic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). Rep. Kevo Subarctic Res. Stat. (Finland) 16 23-26. 

Reindeer, Rangifer tarandus] muscle , 37Cs 1964-65 (following nuclear tests) vs. 1985-86 Max. 2500-2600 FW vs. 300 FW 7, 8... 

The accident at the Chernobyl, Ukraine, nuclear reactor on April 26, 1986, contaminated much of the northern hemisphere, especially Europe, by releasing large amounts of radiocesium-137 and other radionuclides into the environment. In the immediate vicinity of Chernobyl at least 30 people died, more than 115,000 others were evacuated, and the consumption of locally produced milk and other foods was banned because of radiocontamination. The most sensitive local ecosystems were the soil fauna and pine forest communities. Elsewhere, fallout from Chernobyl measurably contaminated freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems, including flesh and milk of domestic livestock. Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) calves in Norway showed an increasing frequency of chromosomal aberrations that seemed to correlate with cesium-137 tissue concentrations tissue concentrations, in turn, were related to cesium-137 in lichens, an efficient absorber of airborne particles containing radiocesium and the main food source of reindeer during winter. A pattern similar to that of reindeer was documented in moose (Alces) in Scandinavia. 

Reindeer, Rangifer tarandus fennica northwest Russia 1986-90 Antlers Bone Teeth... 

Lichens are an important forage for some species of animals. The best known example of this relationship involves the northern species of deer known as caribou or reindeer Rangifer tarandus) and the so-called reindeer... 

The reindeer Rangifer tarandus) has long been herded by northern peoples of Eurasia, such as the Lapps of Scandinavia. This animal is mostly raised for its meat, milk, and hides. In recent years, a strong market has developed for the antlers of reindeer, especially when they are still covered with fur, that is, are in velvet. These antlers are sold to countries in eastern Asia, especially China and Korea, where they are powdered and used as an ingredient in traditional medicines. 

Red deer, Cervus elaphus, 788, 796, 858 Reindeer, Rangifer tarandus, 284,290,706,730 Roe deer, Capreolus capreolus, 85,704 Swamp deer, Cervus duvauceli, 478 White-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, 35, 528, 692, 788, 796, 858 Dingo, Canis familiaris dingo, 784 Dog... 

Espmark, Y., 1964, Rutting behaviour in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus L.), Anim. Behav. 12(1) 159-163. 

Mossing, T., and KSllquist, L., 1981, Variation in cutaneous glandular structures in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus),J. Mamm. 62(3) 606-612. 

Tannins from deciduous browse stems for mule deer (Odocoileus hemioms), white-tailed deer (O. virginiams), moose (Alces alces), carbou/reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)y and elk Cervus elephus) did not lower protein availability, but tannins from flowers, forbs, and tree and shrub leaves did. Tannins must be taken into account in understanding the defensive strategies of flowers and leaves (Robins et al, 1987). Furthermore, lesions are found in the gut of animals that normally do not consume tannins in quantity, whereas they are absent from animals that do. For example, Papilio... 

Brundin, a., and G. Andersson Seasonal Variation of Three Ketones in the Interdigital Gland Secretion of Reindeer Rangifer tarandus). J. Chem. Ecol. 5, 881-889... 

Muller-Schwartze, D., W.B. Quay, and A. Brundin The Caudal Gland in Reindeer Rangifer tarandus L.) Its Behavioral Role, Histology and Chemistry. J. Chem. Ecol. 3, 591-601 (1977). 

Two reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) were placed in stalls located within controlled environment chambers, and 1(X) xCi HTO was injected into their jugular veins. Periodically, blood samples were inspected for radioactivity. This study of body-water volume and turnover was conducted using 12 different combinations of diet and temperature. A comparison of water-flux rate, as determined with HTO, to measured water input showed a linear relationship (Figure 48). The investigators (Cameron et aL, 1976) concluded that the tritium water dilution technique provided accurate determinations of total-body-water flux over the wide range of experimental conditions in reindeer. 

Cameron, R. D., R. G. White, and J. R. Luick. 1976. Accuracy of the tritium water dilution method for determining water flux in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). Can. J. Zool. 54(6) 857-862. 

Ranheim, B. Horsberg, T.E. Nymoen, U. Soli, N.E. Tyler, N.J. Amemo, J.M. Reversal of medetomldlne-induced sedation in reindeer Rangifer tarandus tarandus) with atipamezole increases the medetomidine concentration in plasma, J.Vet.Pharmacol.Ther., 1997,20, 350-354. 

Kumpula, J. (2001). Productivity of the semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.) stock and carrying capacity of pastures in Finland during 1960-1990 s. Acta... 

Kumpula, J., Colpaert, A., Anttonen, M. (2007). Does forest harvesting and linear infrastructure change the usability value of pastureland for semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). Annales Zoologici Fennici, 44, 161-178. 

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