Reindeer

Reindeer milk Reinforced carbon Reinforced plastics... 

Iron) direct-process slag, -herd, m. Renofeuer. -schiacke, /. — Renofeuer-schlacke. -Stahl, m. steel made directly from the ore, natural steel, bloomery iron, -tier, n. reindeer, -verfahren, n. (Iron) direct process. 

The determinants of F. have been subject to experimentation mostly in field and captive studies of ungulates. These support the expected association between the frequency and occurrence of Flehmen and the seasonality of reproduction. The elicitation of F. can also depend upon the social context presentation of urine or other stimuli alone may not produce consistent displays. When conspecific urine was tested out of context (i.e. no female present) in male Black-tailed deer, there was no discrimination between urine from individual adult males or between urine from estrous/non-estrous females (Altieri, 1980). Correlation of male endocrine status in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) showed that the elevation of testosterone during rut and the duration of F. elicited by female urine was coincident F. bouts during rat were twice as long following exposure to adult female urine as to that of immature females (Mossing and Damber, 1981). 

Mossing T. and Damber J.E. (1981). Rutting behaviour and androgen variation in Reindeer. J Chem Ecol 7, 377-389. 

Halla, Finland, reindeer graze on lichen impacted by Chernobyl fallout ... 

Holm E, Persson RBR. 1975. Fall-out plutonium in Swedish reindeer lichens. Health Phys 29(2) 43-51. 

Jaakkola T, Hakanen M, Keinonen M, et al. 1977. Plutonium and americium in the food chain lichen-reindeer-man. Springfield, VA U.S. Department of Commerce. 

Paatero J, Jaakkola T. 1998. Transfer of plutonium, americium and curium from fallout into reindeer after the Chernobyl accident. Boreal Environment Research 3 181-189. 

Two reindeer-moss species (Cladonla rangiferlna L. and Cladonla alpestrls L.) decreased P0 concentration in jack pine (Pinus bankslana Lamb.) and white spruce (Plcea glauca Moench)... 

Antler is the name of the bony material that makes up a deciduous pair of protrusions shed every year known as "antlers" on the heads of animals of the deer family, for example, reindeer, elk, and fallow deer. Antler has a composition similar to that of horn. Like bone, antler is made up of a hard and compact outer layer surrounding a core of spongy tissue. Since it is regularly shed from the body of the animal, it differs morphologically from horn, which is not shed (O Connor et al. 1987). 

Holm and Rioseco [46] noted "Tc activity in lichen of the food chain lichen-reindeer-man. A "Tc activity concentration of 3-8 x 10 5 Bq/kg was obtained in dry lichen during 1956-1981. Nearly the same concentration level of activity (only occasionally one order of magnitude higher) was found in reindeer. 

On the basis of a number of physico-chemical methods (Mossbauer spectroscopy, electron diffraction, EXAFS) the iron cores of naturally occurring haemosiderins isolated from various iron-loaded animals and man (horse, reindeer, birds and human old age) were consistently shown to have ferrihydrite-like iron cores similar to those of ferritin (Ward et ah, 1992, 2000). In marked contrast, in the tissues of patients with two pathogenic iron-loading syndromes, genetic haemochromatosis and thalassaemia, the haemosiderins isolated had predominantly amorphous ferric oxide and goethite cores, respectively (Dickson etah, 1988 Mann etah, 1988 ... 

Reindeer, Rangifer tarandus fennica] northwestern Russia 1986-90 ... 

Medveder, N. 1995. Concentrations of cadmium, lead and sulphur in tissues of wild, forest reindeer from north-west Russia. Environ. Pollut. 90 1-5. 

In Alaska, reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) infested with reindeer warble fly (Oedemagena tarandi) produced hides of little value and low quality meat. Reindeer warble flies were not controlled by pour-on applications of famphur because the product was unable to penetrate the hair coat of reindeer however, intramuscular injections were effective (Ivey et al. 1976). In Norway, Sweden, and Finland, famphur was the most promising control agent against reindeer warble fly and reindeer nostril fly (Cephenomyis trompe) — two parasites that together caused a 15 to 20% annual loss of total yield in reindeer husbandry (Nieminen et al. 1980). 

Famphur is administered to livestock by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection, through the diet, as a dermal pour-on, or as an oral bolus. In mammals, famphur induced mortality at concentrations as low as 11.6 mg/kg BW in intraperitoneal injection (mouse), 27 mg/kg BW in a single oral exposure (mouse), >33.3 mg/kg BW in an intramuscular injection (Brahman cattle, Bos indicus), and 400 mg/kg BW in a dermal application (rat, Rattus sp.). Latent effects of famphur exposure were reported in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) hinds 1 year posttreatment (altered blood chemistry). Famphur is rapidly metabolized by mammals. The half-time persistence of famphur and famoxon in subcutaneous fat of cattle after a single pour-on application is 0.9 days and is independent of dose between 25 and 150 mg/kg BW or initial tissue residues between 1.8 and 2.3 mg/kg BW. 

Ivey, M.C., J.S. Palmer, and R.H. Washburn. 1976. Famphur and its oxygen analogue residues in the body tissues of reindeer. Jour Econ. Entomol. 69 260-262. 

Nieminen, M., J. Timisjarvi, and M. Laitinen. 1980. The effects of antiparasitic treatment on the condition of semi-domestic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). Rep. Kevo Subarctic Res. Stat. (Finland) 16 23-26. 

Nordkvist, M. 1975. Large scale field trials against larvae of Oedemagena tarandi and Cephenomyia trompe in Swedish reindeer. Biol. Pap. Univ. Alaska 1 518-522. 

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