Spongy tissue

Antler is the name of the bony material that makes up a deciduous pair of protrusions shed every year known as "antlers" on the heads of animals of the deer family, for example, reindeer, elk, and fallow deer. Antler has a composition similar to that of horn. Like bone, antler is made up of a hard and compact outer layer surrounding a core of spongy tissue. Since it is regularly shed from the body of the animal, it differs morphologically from horn, which is not shed (O Connor et al. 1987). 

Bone marrow is the spongy tissue inside the cavities of our bones. Bone marrow stem cells grow and divide into the various types of blood cells white blood cells (leukocytes) that fight infection, red blood cells (erythrocytes) that transport oxygen, and platelets that are the agents for clotting. 

A further characteristic of this principle is that, if the activity of phosphodiesterase is decreased, the concentration of cyclic GMP will increase to an extent dependent upon the extent of the decrease in activity. This characteristic has been made use of by the pharmaceutical industry. Cyclic GMP has a vasodilatory effect and this is the case for the arterioles that supply blood to the corpus cavemosum in the penis, which controls the erection of the penis. Drugs were developed (e.g. sildenafil) that inhibits cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase and hence increases the cyclic GMP level which resnlts in vasodilation of the arterioles and an increase in the snpply of blood to the spongy tissue of the corpus cavemosum, which expands resulting in erection. This dmg has been found to be effective in some patients snffering from erectile dysfunction. This can be a particular problem in diabetic patients and more elderly men (Chapter 19). 

Figure 19.15 The hydraulic mechanism for penile erection. Erection begins when the penile arterioles dilate, under the influence of nitric oxide, allowing more blood to enter the corpora cavernosa of the penis. These contain a spongy tissue which now expands but at the same time compresses the veins so that the pressure within the cavernosa increases further, producing more expansion of the cavernosa and maintaining the erection.

Bagasse Pith is the loose spongy tissue occupying the center of the sugar cane. It has been used in expls(Ref 2). Chapman(Ref 1) patented its use with NC-NG mixts to make low density gelatin-dynamites... 

We might think of it like crystallization, in which a seed crystal induces other molecules to crystallize in the same conformation and crystal form.) These newly misfolded protein molecules then induce more molecules to change shape. The polymerized abnormal protein cannot be broken down by the usual protease enzymes, so it builds up in the brain and causes the plaques and spongy tissue associated with TSEs. 

The small doses of phosphorus which have occasionally been prescribed have the effect of thickening the spongy tissue of bone by the deposition of true bone. Another effect is to stimulate metabolism, leading to increased secretion of nitrogen as ammonium salts of lactic and ketonic acids, which result from the incomplete oxidation of fats and glycogen. Some of the unoxidised fat is deposited in the liver and muscles and leads to degeneration of these. 

Lymphocyte— White blood cells that originate in the spongy tissue of the bone marrow. 

At sonourethrography stenoses appear as urethral lumen reduction. The submucosa is initially thickened and hypoechoic, and finally becomes hy-perecogenic and thin (Fig. 19.7). The morphologic changes may extend and involve the adjacent spongy tissue with extensive fibrosis. 

Improved fruit retention increase in fruit weight reduced incidence of stem end rot and spotted fruits reduced occurrence of spongy tissue good shine and skin gloss. 

In some fruticose lichens, such as Usnea which has a radial arrangement of the tissues, a central axial strand can be distinguished internal to the medulla (Fig. 46). The structure of the central axis is dense and consists of paraplectenchymatous or prosoplectenchymatous tissue giving considerable tensile or skeletal strength to the thallus. In other genera, i.e., Alectoria, Cladonia, and Ramalina, the central axis is absent. Its place can be taken by a central hollow or by gelatinous or spongy tissues. In Letharia a central cord is formed by fusion of several smaller strands (Fig. 29). 

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