Reindeer milk

Reindeer milk Reinforced carbon Reinforced plastics... 

Reports on Siberian tribesmen suggest that they usually take three— one large and two small sun-dried mushrooms, often with reindeer milk or bogberry juice (similar to blueberry juice). However, the Church of the Tree of Life literature on Fly Agaric cautions potential users that "Siberian tribesmen have a far more robust constitution than most of us. It suggests that no one take any more than a single, modest-sized mushroom—at least until its effects are clearly demonstrated. 

Red deer fat, 119 Red kangaroo milk, 168 Reductive ozonolysis, 274 Refining of oils and fats, 191 Refractive index, 353, 355 Refsum s disease, 16,492, 548 Reindeer fat, 119 Reindeer milk, 168 Relaxation, 407... 

Milk and milk products. In the United States, Canada, and some other countries, cows provide most of the milk. But in southern Europe and the Middle East, the goat furnishes much milk. In Asia, sheep are often milked. People in India drink buffalo milk, and Eaplanders enjoy reindeer milk. The yak furnishes milk in Tibet, the Arab herdsmen milk camels, and mares are milked for human food in different parts of the world. Erom milk, countless forms of cheese have been developed in many countries. 

Milk is the most nutritionally complete food found in nature. All kinds of milk, human or animal, contain vitamins (principally thiamine, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, and vitamins A, B12, and D), minerals (caleimn, potassium, sodium, phosphoras, and trace metals), proteins (mostly easein), carbohydrates (principally lactose), and lipids (fats). However, the amounts of these nutrients present in different types of milk differ greatly. Cows milk and goats milk are almost identieal in every respect. Human milk contains less than half of the proteins and minerals of cows or goats milk, but almost 1.5 times as much sugar. Horses milk is quite low in proteins and fats compared with the others, whereas reindeer milk is very high in proteins, fats, and minerals, but quite low in carbohydrates. The average composition of whole cows milk is 87.1% water, 3.4% protein, 3.9% fats, 4.9% carbohydrates, and... 

Oligosaccharides Rangifer tarandus tarandus (reindeer milk) 126... 

After the Chernobyl accident, radiocesium isotopes were also elevated in trees and lichens bordering an alpine lake in Scandinavia and in lake sediments, invertebrates, and fishes (Table 32.18). Radiocesium levels in muscle of resident brown trout (Salmo trutta) remained elevated for at least 2 years (Brittain etal. 1991). People consuming food near this alpine lake derived about 90% of their effective dose equivalent from the consumption of freshwater fish, reindeer meat, and milk. The average effective dose equivalent of this group during the next 50 years is estimated at 6 to 9 mSv with a changed diet and 8 to 12 mSv without any dietary changes (Brittain et al. 1991). 

The accident at the Chernobyl, Ukraine, nuclear reactor on April 26, 1986, contaminated much of the northern hemisphere, especially Europe, by releasing large amounts of radiocesium-137 and other radionuclides into the environment. In the immediate vicinity of Chernobyl at least 30 people died, more than 115,000 others were evacuated, and the consumption of locally produced milk and other foods was banned because of radiocontamination. The most sensitive local ecosystems were the soil fauna and pine forest communities. Elsewhere, fallout from Chernobyl measurably contaminated freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems, including flesh and milk of domestic livestock. Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) calves in Norway showed an increasing frequency of chromosomal aberrations that seemed to correlate with cesium-137 tissue concentrations tissue concentrations, in turn, were related to cesium-137 in lichens, an efficient absorber of airborne particles containing radiocesium and the main food source of reindeer during winter. A pattern similar to that of reindeer was documented in moose (Alces) in Scandinavia. 

Although cow s milk (whole, lowfat, skim, whey, cream, nonfat dry milk, or buttermilk) generally is used for manufacturing cheese in the United States, a small quantity of ewe s and goat s milk is also used (USDA 1978). Certain other countries use milk from camels, asses, mares, buffaloes, and reindeer, in addition to ewes and goats, to make cheese. 

Natural radionuclides are present in all plants and animals and in man. The activity of is 31 Bq per g of K, and the average activities in meat and in milk are about 120Bq/kg and 50Bq/l, respectively. The transfer of U and Th to plants and animals is very small due to the low solubility and the low resorption of these elements. Their activities in milk are of the order of 10 Bq/1 and in meat and fish of the order of 5 10 Bq/kg. Ra has better access to the food chain and, due to its similarity to Ca, Ra is enriched in bones, where it is found in amounts of the order of 10 g/g. The activity of Ra in other parts of animals and man is about 10 Bq/kg. Pb and Po, decay products of Rn, are present in aerosols and deposited with precipitations on plants. Their uptake from the air is much higher than that by the roots. They enter the food chain and are found in concentrations of 1 to 10 Bq/kg in meat. In reindeer livers values >100 Bq/kg have been measured. 

The reindeer Rangifer tarandus) has long been herded by northern peoples of Eurasia, such as the Lapps of Scandinavia. This animal is mostly raised for its meat, milk, and hides. In recent years, a strong market has developed for the antlers of reindeer, especially when they are still covered with fur, that is, are in velvet. These antlers are sold to countries in eastern Asia, especially China and Korea, where they are powdered and used as an ingredient in traditional medicines. 

McEwan, E. H., and P. E. Whitehead. 1971. Measurement of the milk intake of reindeer and caribou calves using tritiated water. Can. J. Zool. 49(4) 443-447. 

MILK ALLERGY. Although the word milk ordinarily means cow s milk, it also applies to milk from any mammal, including human milk and goat s milk. Also, in various parts of the world, milk is obtained from ewes, buffalos, mares, yaks, camels, and reindeers. 

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