Regulations for radionuclides

Cothern CR. 1987. Development of regulations for radionuclides in drinking water. In Graves B ed. Conference NWWA, April 7-19, Somerset, NJ. Michigan Lewis Publishers, 1-11. 

Cothern CR. 1987. Development of regulations for radionuclides in drinking water. In Graves B, ed. Radon in ground water, radon, radium and other radioactivity in ground water Hydrogeologic impact and application to indoor airborne contamination. Proc National Water Well Association conference, Somerset, NJ, April 7-9, 1987. Chelsea, MI Lewis Publishers, Inc. 1-11. 

EPA. 1991. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Radionuclides in drinking water fact sheet. National Primary Drinking Water Regulations for Radionuclides, Proposed Rule, June, 1991. EPA-570/9-91-700. Washington, DC. 

Ohanian EV. 1989. National primary drinking water regulations for radionuclides. Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments, Regulations and Standards. Lewis Publishers, 45-55... 

Evaluation of the risk index (RI) in Equation 1.1 or 1.2 requires assumptions about allowable risks or doses from waste disposal to be used in defining the different waste classes (see Section 1.4.1). These assumptions should be based on an understanding of differences in the approaches to risk management for radionuclides and hazardous chemicals embodied in current laws and regulations, including the different meanings that have been attached to the terms acceptable and unacceptable commonly used to describe the significance of health risks. 

The approach to risk management for radionuclides, when they are regulated under AEA, incorporates a limit on acceptable dose (and therefore risk) and a requirement that doses be reduced below the limit as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA), economic and social factors being taken into account this approach conforms to NCRP s recommendations on radiation protection. In this approach, risks to individuals are divided into three categories of significance, which are commonly termed unacceptable, acceptable, and negligible. ... 

Fig. 3.14. Unified framework for regulating all radionuclides and chemicals in the environment that cause stochastic effects proposed by Kocher and Hoffman (1991).

Regulations for the general public are based on an annual TEDE of 0.1 rem/year, with provisions for a limit of 0.5 rem/year under special circumstances (USNRC 1997b). Considering the lower limit for members of the public and their potential continuous exposure, the limits on air concentrations of radionuclides for the public are two orders of magnitude lower than the DACs for radiation workers. Regulations for specific applications limit the dose to the public to values <0.1 rem/year. Under its... 

EPA. 1997c. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. National primary drinking water regulations Analytical methods for radionuclides final rule and proposed rule. Federal Register. 62 FR 10168. March 5, 1997. 

EPA. 1996b. National emission standards for radionuclide emissions from federal facilities other than nuclear regulatory commission licensees and not covered by subpart H. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Code of Federal Regulations. 40 CFR 61, Subpart I. 

NRC. 2001i. Table A-l.-A, and A2 values for radionuclides. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Code of Federal Regulations. 10 CFR 71. 

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants Regulation of Radionuclides Withdrawal of Proposed Standards", 49 Fed Register 43906, 43910 (Oct. 31) ("Radionuclides NESHAPS Withdrawl Notice"). 

Production, Use, Release, and Disposal. The production of radon occurs directly from a radium source either in the environment or in a laboratory environment. The disposal of gaseous radioactive effluents has been documented. Increased radon concentrations have been detected in waste generated by uranium and phosphate mining therefore, these sites should be monitored on a continual basis. Although there are regulations for disposal of radionuclides in general, there are none that specifically address disposal of radon contaminated materials. Further research on the disposal of radon attached to charcoal, which is used in radon monitoring indoors, would be beneficial. 

Class 7 material (radioactive material) shall mean any material containing radionuclides where both the activity concentration and the total activity in the consignment exceed the values specified in paragraphs 401-406 of the Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material, (1996) IAEA Safety Standards Series No. ST-1. UN 2.7.1... 

The DOT has classified 45 metal substances as hazardous substances (DOT 2009). Of these, 22 are regulated as radionuclides (identified with an asterisk [ ] in Table 7.3). The DOT designates hazardous materials for purposes of transportation... 

Drain all tanks, vessels, drums, etc., and characterize for radionuclides and hazardous materials according to applicable Federal and State regulations. 

Investigate accidents which may have led to persons receiving effective doses in excess of 6 mSv or an equivalent dose greater than 30% of any relevant dose limit. Investigate and report to the authorities loss of materials from accidental release to atmosphere, spillages, theft. The Regulations provide a comprehensive list of notifiable concentrations for each radionuclide isotope. 

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