Regulations in Europe

Gasoline composition may also be regulated in Europe. A tripartite initiative is being carried out among the European Commission, the oil industry, and the automotive industry. Based on an analysis of the required improvements in air quaUty, new regulations are to be written that control vehicle emissions and fuel composition into the twenty-first century. 

The area of racemic switches where a single enantiomer is developed subsequently to a corresponding racemate which is already on the market has attracted much interest [7, 8]. A description of the preclinical and clinical development of dexketoprofen provides a detailed example of one of these racemic switches [21]. The regulations in Europe and the US both allow for the development of a single enantiomer from a racemate by the use of bridging studies between the old and new applications. One problem to be considered is how a company which was not responsible for the original development can provide equivalent data. 

The example of the textile chain demonstrates (i) how much the techni-cal/aesthetic quality of products and chemicals-related product security are interdependent and (ii) what requirements exist for a quality management system beyond the supply chain level. Only the major brands can take this initiative on a global scale. For cosmetic, medical devices and food products, as well as technical products with high safety requirements (such as aircraft), management systems beyond supply chain level have now become a matter of survival. The same holds true for products that are subject to special waste and design regulations in Europe (such as automotive vehicles and electronic equipment). 

The declaration of the quantity of key ingredients (fruit or fruit juice in soft drinks) has become law through quantitative ingredient declaration regulations in Europe, and where artificial sweeteners and carbohydrates are used together, an appropriate statement is necessary. A warning about the product being a source of phenylalanine must be incorporated when aspartame is used as a sweetener. 

There is currently no air quality regulation in Europe or any other part of the world to control the ambient concentrations of particles on a number basis. However, particle numbers are currently being regulated at vehicle tailpipe exhausts through Euro-5 and Euro-6 emission standards [103]. These are the first ever limits of this kind, though only applicable in Europe, to control the emissions of particle numbers at source. These standards include a lower size limit of 23 nm for minimising the... 

As Table 7.2 shows, the burning of fossil fuels is by far the largest present-day source of NOx. Emissions from fossil fuels are likely to increase in the future, despite successful regulations in Europe, North America and Japan. 

Vogel, David (2003) Regulation in Europe and the US. In Somsen, H (ed) Yearbook of European Environmental Law, vol 3. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 

Vogel, D. 2003. The hare and the tortoise revisited The new pohtics of consumer and environmental regulation in Europe. British Journal of Political Science, 33 557-80. 

REACH (Registration, Evaluation, and Authorization of Chemicals) is a new regulatory framework that aims to simplify and streamline chemical regulation in Europe. 

Tightening Regulations in Europe and at the State and Local Level in the United States... 

This chapter is an adapted and expanded update of the chapter on drag regulation in Europe, published in Griffin JP, O Grady J, D Arcy PF (eds). 1998. Textbook of Pharmaceutical Medicine, 3rd edn. The Queen s University of Belfast Press Belfast The author retains sole copyrights on this chapter. 

Kanavos P. Overview of pharmaceutical pricing and reimbursement regulation in Europe, 2001. http // pharmacos.eudra.org/F3/gl0/docs/synthesis.pdf. 

Deregulation 2001 The Future of Medicine Regulation in Europe, available on http //www. aesgp.be/online/sommaire,html, accessed on August 6, 2001. 

It may not be entirely accidental that Stalinon and thalidomide were contemporary drugs and that both had neurotoxic potential. The story of thalidomide is too well known to bear much repetition here, but it is worth summarising it in the context of the development of drug regulation in Europe. The events that followed its clinical use were to provide the stimulus that laid the ground rules on which the Medicines Act in the UK and the legislation in most other modem European states, including the European Community s Directive 65/65/EEC, are based. 

Pharmaceutical Pricing Strategies Price optimization, reimbursement, and regulation in Europe, US, and Japan. Business Insights. April 2005 240 pp. 

Barbier JC (2004) Systems of social protection in Europe. Two contrasted paths to activation, and maybe a third. In Lind J, Knudsen FI and Joergensen FI (eds.) Labour and Employment Regulations in Europe. Peter Lang, Bruxelles, pp. 233-254 Bassanini AP, Duval R (2006) Employment Patterns in OECD Countries. Reassessing the Role of Policies and Institutions. OECD Economics Department Working Paper 486. OECD, Paris... 

Brickman, R. Jasanoff, S. Ilgen, T. "Controlling Chemicals The Politics of Regulation in Europe and the United States" Cornell University Press Ithaca, N. Y., 1985 p. 123. 

Veterinary Medicines Regulation in Europe and the Importance of Pharmacokinetic... 

Chemical Regulation in Europe and the United States International Implications... 

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