State hypothetical

Standard states—hypothetical solutions containing unit mole fraction of hydrocarbon data from Wetlaufer et al., 1964. 

Standard states—hypothetical unit mole fraction at 298 K. c Calculated using solubility data reported by Kretschmer and Wiebbe, 1951. d Calculated using data reported by Lannung and Gjaldbaek, 1960. 

Fig. 3-2. The spectroscopic (real) electronic states of the carbon atom and the valence state (hypothetical) called V4.

Appendix C-2 gives constants for the zero-pressure, pure-liquid, standard-state fugacity equation for condensable components and constants for the hypothetical liquid standard-state fugacity equation for noncondensable components... 

PURE calculates pure liquid standard-state fugacities at zero pressure, pure-component saturated liquid molar volume (cm /mole), and pure-component liquid standard-state fugacities at system pressure. Pure-component hypothetical liquid reference fugacities are calculated for noncondensable components. Liquid molar volumes for noncondensable components are taken as zero. 

FO(I) Vector (length 20) of pure-component liquid standard-state fugacities at zero pressure or hypothetical liquid standard-... 

Finally, it is perfectly possible to choose a standard state for the surface phase. De Boer [14] makes a plea for taking that value of such that the average distance apart of the molecules is the same as in the gas phase at STP. This is a hypothetical standard state in that for an ideal two-dimensional gas with this molecular separation would be 0.338 dyn/cm at 0°C. The standard molecular area is then 4.08 x 10 T. The main advantage of this choice is that it simplifies the relationship between translational entropies of the two- and the three-dimensional standard states. 

As noted earlier, the standard state of a gas is the hypothetical ideal gas at 1 atmosphere and the specified temperature T. 

The standard state of an electrolyte is the hypothetical ideally dilute solution (Henry s law) at a molarity of 1 mol kg (Actually, as will be seen, electrolyte data are conventionally reported as for the fonnation of mdividual ions.) Standard states for non-electrolytes in dilute solution are rarely invoked. 

Figure A2.1.11. Magnetic cooling isothemial magnetization at 4 K followed by adiabatic demagnetization to 0.04 K. (Constructed for a hypothetical magnetic substance with two magnetic states with an energy...

The molecular mechanics or quantum mechanics energy at an energy minimum corresponds to a hypothetical, motionless state at OK. Experimental measurements are made on molecules at a finite temperature when the molecules undergo translational, rotational and vibration motion. To compare the theoretical and experimental results it is... 

FIGURE 13.1 Graphs that have a one-dimensional data space, (a) Radial portion of the wave function for the hydrogen atom in the l.v ground state and 2p excited state. (A) Hypothetical salary chart. 

The values of the thermodynamic properties of the pure substances given in these tables are, for the substances in their standard states, defined as follows For a pure solid or liquid, the standard state is the substance in the condensed phase under a pressure of 1 atm (101 325 Pa). For a gas, the standard state is the hypothetical ideal gas at unit fugacity, in which state the enthalpy is that of the real gas at the same temperature and at zero pressure. 

Solutions in water are designated as aqueous, and the concentration of the solution is expressed in terms of the number of moles of solvent associated with 1 mol of the solute. If no concentration is indicated, the solution is assumed to be dilute. The standard state for a solute in aqueous solution is taken as the hypothetical ideal solution of unit molality (indicated as std. state or ss). In this state... 

Film Theory. Many theories have been put forth to explain and correlate experimentally measured mass transfer coefficients. The classical model has been the film theory (13,26) that proposes to approximate the real situation at the interface by hypothetical "effective" gas and Hquid films. The fluid is assumed to be essentially stagnant within these effective films making a sharp change to totally turbulent flow where the film is in contact with the bulk of the fluid. As a result, mass is transferred through the effective films only by steady-state molecular diffusion and it is possible to compute the concentration profile through the films by integrating Fick s law ... 

The value for the heat of fusion of PPS, extrapolated to a hypothetical 100% crystalline state, is not agreed upon in the literature. Reported values range from approximately 80 J/g (19 cal/g) (36,96,101) to 146 J/g (35 cal/g) (102), with one intermediate value of 105 J/g (25 cal/g) (20). The lower value, 80 J/g, was originally measured by thermal analysis and then correlated with a measure of crystallinity deterrnined by x-ray diffraction (36). The value of 146 J/g was deterrnined independendy on uniaxiaHy oriented PPS film samples by thermal analysis, density measurement via density-gradient column, and the use of a calculated density for 100% crystalline PPS to arrive at a heat of fusion for 100% crystalline PPS (102). The value of 105 J/g was obtained by measuring the heats of fusion of weU-characterized linear oligomers of PPS and extrapolation to infinite molecular weight. 

Section 4.04.1.2.1). The spectroscopic and the diffraction results refer to molecules in different vibrational quantum states. In neither case are the- distances those of the hypothetical minimum of the potential function (the optimized geometry). Nevertheless, the experimental evidence appears to be strong enough to lead to the conclusion that the electron redistribution, which takes place upon transfer of a molecule from the gas phase to the crystalline phase, results in experimentally observable changes in bond lengths. 

A completely reversible processes is hypothetical, devised solely to find the ideal work associated with a given change of state. Its onlv con-neclion with an actual process is that it brings about the same change of state as the actual process, allowing comparison of the actual work of a process with the work of the hypothetical reversible process. 

Law Simplified flux equations that arise from Eqs. (5-181) and (5-182) can be used for nnidimensional, steady-state problems with binary mixtures. The boundary conditions represent the compositions and I Aft at the left-hand and right-hand sides of a hypothetical layer having thickness Az. The principal restric tion of the following equations is that the concentration and diffnsivity are assumed to be constant. As written, the flux is positive from left to right, as depic ted in Fig. 5-25. 

A useful approach that is often used in analysis and simplification of kinetic expressions is the steady-state approximation. It can be illustrated with a hypothetical reaction scheme ... 

A free-radical reaction is a chemical process which involves molecules having unpaired electrons. The radical species could be a starting compound or a product, but the most common cases are reactions that involve radicals as intermediates. Most of the reactions discussed to this point have been heterolytic processes involving polar intermediates and/or transition states in which all electrons remained paired throughout the course of the reaction. In radical reactions, homolytic bond cleavages occur. The generalized reactions shown below illustrate the formation of alkyl, vinyl, and aryl free radicals by hypothetical homolytic processes. 

It was stated earlier that PSAs for nuclear and chemical processes differ by preceding a chemical PSA with a scoping analysis that is omitted for a nuclear PSA. This is not true. WASH-740 performed this purpose for a hypothetical plant. 

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