Reflection confocal microscopy

Optical imaging with collinear optical coherence and confocal fluorescence microscopy (OCM-CFM). This noninvasive imaging technique combines the use of reflection confocal microscopy in tandem with optical coherence microscopy to characterize scaffolds and tissue constructs. It can probe the interior of scaffolds with the same resolution as conventional laser scanning confocal microscopy but with greater sensitivity (P). 

TV. Meglinsky, A.N. Bashkatov, E.A. Genina, D.Yu. Churmakov, and V.V. Tuchin, Study of the Possibility of Increasing the Probing Depth by the Method of Reflection Confocal Microscopy upon Immersion Clearing of Near-Surface Human Skin Layers, Laser Physics, vol. 13, no.l, 2003, pp. 

M. A. Middelkamp-Hup, H. Y. Park, J. Lee, B. A. Gilchrest and S. Gonzalez, Detection of UV-induced pigmentary and epidermal changes over time using in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy,/. Invest. Dermatol, 2006,126, 402-407. 

The TSM can be modified for reflected light confocal microscopy (TSRLM). In that case, one Nipkow disk above the objective serves both for the illuminating beams and the reflected image-forming rays. 

Epipolarization of IGSS Confocal microscopy of IGSS. Use of reflection mode especially in double labeling. 

Uriel, J., Lorenzo, H. K., Macho, A., de Feijter, A. W., and Mishal, Z. (1995) Visualization of silver-enhanced reaction products from protein and immuno-colloidal gold probes by laser scanning confocal microscopy in reflection mode. Histochem. Cell. Biol. 103,355-361. 

Neri, L. M., Cinti, C., Santi, S., Marchisio, M., Capatini, S., and Maraldi, N. M. (1997) Enhanced resolution of specific chromosome and nuclear regions by reflectance laser scanning confocal microscopy. Histochem. Cell. Biol. 107, 97-104. 

Optical Microscopy. Optical microscopy involves the use of transmitted light, reflected light, polarized light, fluorescence, and more recently, techniques such as confocal microscopy. Each of these variations has particular strengths and applicability. 

The eyes of 11 patients (eight men and three women) taking amiodarone have been compared with those of 10 healthy sex- and age-matched controls by confocal microscopy (103). All those taking amiodarone had bright, highly reflective intracellular inclusions in the epithelial layers, particularly in the basal cell layers. In eyes with advanced keratopathy there were bright microdots in the... 

The optical principles of confocal microscopy can be understood by examining the CLSM optical path that has reflected illumination as illustrated in Figure 1.45. The laser beam is focused as an intense spot on a certain focal plane of the specimen by a condenser lens, which is also serves as an objective lens to collect the reflected beam. A pinhole aperture is placed at a confocal plane in front of the light detector. The reflected beam from the focal plane in a specimen becomes a focused point at the confocal plane. The pinhole aperture blocks the reflected light from the out-of-focal plane from entering the detector. Only the light signals... 

On the other hand, optical microscopy, confocal microscopy, ellipsometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) are the main microscopic methods for imaging the surface structure. There are many good books and reviews on spectroscopic and chemical surface analysis methods and microscopy of surfaces description of the principles and application details of these advanced instrumental methods is beyond the scope of this book. 

Within the last years, single-molecule fluorescence imaging became possible at room temperature and ambient conditions, first with the use of scanning near-field optical microscopy and ultra-high spatial optical resolution (about 100 nm), and later with the use of diffraction limited microscopy techniques (resolution about 300 nm) such as the epi-fluorescence microscopy, internal reflection microscopy, and scanning confocal microscopy. 

Kreimer, G. and Melkonian, M. (1990) Reflection confocal laser scanning microscopy of eyespots in flagellated green algae. Europ. J. Cell Biol. 53, 101-111. 

Key words Confocal fluorescence microscopy, Forster resonance energy transfer, Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, Single-molecule imaging, GPCR, Heterotrimeric G-proteins, Spatiotemporal dynamics... 

The concentration-dependent effects of STE on the intracellular oxidized states of human keratinocytes were determined using confocal microscopy." The intensity of fluorescence reflects the intracellular oxidized state. When cells were treated with concentrations of STE at 250 and 300pg/ml, the color and fluorescence intensity of nuclei changed, possibly because of a change... 

J. A. Gray and J. N. BeMiller, Development and utilization of reflectance confocal laser scanning microscopy to locate reaction sites in modfied starch granules, Cereal Chem., 81 (2004) 278-286. 

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