Confocal light microscopy

Cheng, P.C. and Summers, R.G. (1990). Image contrast in confocal light microscopy. In Handbook of Biological Confocal Microscopy, J. B. Pawley (ed) pp. 179-195. Plenum Press, New York,USA. 

Figure 19. Correlated images of the same sample observed using cryogenic SEM (left) and scanning laser confocal light microscopy (right). The confocal image in fluorescent mode (right) shows a concentration of fluorescing components that correlates with the clay structure.

J. N. Turner Confocal Light Microscopy. Biological Applications (Special Issne), Electron Microsc. Tech. 18(1991) I. 

Pores on the order of 5 to 15 /um are visible with confocal light microscopy. CLSM can also be used for thickness measurements of multilayer... 

Abstract. Giant lipid vesicles have been extensively used in recent years as in vitro artificial models for protocells, i.e. primitive cell models or synthetic celllike systems of minimal complexity. Due to their dimensions in the micrometer range, giant vesicles can be designed as micro-sized enzymatic chemical reactors fed by a flux of substrates from the outside and monitored by confocal light microscopy in order to follow the production of fluorescence compounds. In this paper we present a 3D modelling approach to the simulation of giant vesicle where enzymatic reactions take place, and we apply this approach to a case study of a three-enzymes metabolic pathway. 

Fig. 1. Confocal light microscopy image of an aqueous suspension of POPC giant vesicles filled by calcein, and prepared by the phase transfer method. The preparation procedure gives a very poly-dispersed vesicle solution both in size of lipid compartments and concentration of encapsulated solutes as shown by the different fluorescence intensity of the vesicle cores.

It is interesting to note the analogy of developments in light microscopy during the last few decades. The confocal microscope as a scaiming beam microscope exceeds by far the nomial fluorescence light microscope in resolution and detection level. Very recent advances in evanescent wave and interference microscopy seem to promise to provide even higher resolution (B1.18). 

White, J. G., Amos, W. B. and Fordham, M. (1987). An Evaluation of Confocal Versus Conventional Imaging of Biological Structures by Fluorescence Light-Microscopy. J. Cell. Biol. 105, 41-8. 

Scanning electron microscopy, light microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy together with FISH Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence (ERIC-PCR)... 

Microscopic techniques, 70 428 Microscopists, role of, 76 467 Microscopy, 76 464-509, See also Atomic force microscopy (AFM) Electron microscopy Light microscopy Microscopes Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) acronyms related to, 76 506-507 atomic force, 76 499-501 atom probe, 76 503 cathodoluminescence, 76 484 confocal, 76 483-484 electron, 76 487-495 in examining trace evidence, 72 99 field emission, 76 503 field ion, 76 503 fluorescence, 76 483 near-held scanning optical,... 

Shooton, D. (ed.) (1993) Electronic Light Microscopy. The Principles and Practice of Video-Enhanced Contrast, Digital Intensified Fluorescence, and Confocal Scanning Light Microscopy. Wiley-Liss, New York. 

Brakenhoff, G. J., Blom, P., and Barends, P. (1979) Confocal scanning light microscopy with high aperture immersion lenses. J. Micros. 117, 219-232. 

The structure (e.g., number, size, distribution) of fat crystals is difficult to analyze by common microscopy techniques (i.e., electron, polarized light), due to their dense and interconnected microstructure. Images of the internal structures of lipid-based foods can only be obtained by special manipulation of the sample. However, formation of thin sections (polarized light microscopy) or fractured planes (electron microscopy) still typically does not provide adequate resolution of the crystalline phase. Confocal laserscanning microscopy (CLSM), which is based on the detection of fluorescence produced by a dye system when a sample is illuminated with a krypton/argon mixed-gas laser, overcomes these problems. Bulk specimens can be used with CLSM to obtain high-resolution images of lipid crystalline structure in intricate detail. 

Blonk, J.C.G. and Vanaalst, H. 1993. Confocal scanning light-microscopy in food research. Food Res. Intematl. 26 297-311. 

S. Inoue, Foundations of Confocal Scanned Imaging in Light Microscopy. In J. 

Light microscopy (confocal, multiphoton), X-ray microscopy, and electron microscopy are the mainstays of imaging instrumentation for biological imaging. 

White, J.G., W.B. Amos, and M. Fordham. 1987. An evaluation of confocal versus conventional imaging of biological stmctures by fluorescence light-microscopy. J. Cell Biol. 105 41-48. 

Fig. 6 Adsorption of microcapsules onto the (PLL/HA)24/PLL films, (a-c) Confocal fluorescent microscopy images of the capsules exposed to the near-IR light irradiation, (d) CLSM image of the film surface (the film is prepared with PLL-FITC black lines are scratches made by a needle for easier film imaging), (e) Cross-sectional profile of the capsules after step-by-step laser exposure (the sections from top to bottom correspond to the images a-c, respectively), (f) Optical microscopy images of the capsules after light irradiation. Scale bars (a-c, f) 4 pm, (d) 25 pm. Reproduced from [100]...

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