Reference collections

In this section, only salient features of the synthesis, physicochemical properties, and reactivity of major derivatives of 2-aminothiazole and 2-imino-4-thiazoline are summarized. Further details on each compound are found in associated references collected in Section VII. The synthetic methods reported in this section exclude heterocydization methods treated in Chapter II but given in specific references found in Section VII. 

P. Igoe, D. Wilson, and W. Silverman, Material Safety Data Sheet No. 400 in Genum s Reference Collection, Genum Publishing Corp., Schenectady, N.Y., 1989. 

The term naphthenic acid, as commonly used in the petroleum industry, refers collectively to all of the carboxyUc acids present in cmde oil. Naphthenic acids [1338-24-5] are classified as monobasic carboxyUc acids of the general formula RCOOH, where R represents the naphthene moiety consisting of cyclopentane and cyclohexane derivatives. Naphthenic acids are composed predorninandy of aLkyl-substituted cycloaUphatic carboxyUc acids, with smaller amounts of acycHc aUphatic (paraffinic or fatty) acids. Aromatic, olefinic, hydroxy, and dibasic acids are considered to be minor components. Commercial naphthenic acids also contain varying amounts of unsaponifiable hydrocarbons, phenoHc compounds, sulfur compounds, and water. The complex mixture of acids is derived from straight-mn distillates of petroleum, mosdy from kerosene and diesel fractions (see Petroleum). 

Potash also refers collectively to K2C03, KOH, K2S04, KC1, and KNOj. 

The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds has been published since 1950 under the initial editorship of Arnold Weissberger, and later, until his death in 1984, under the joint editorship of Arnold Weissberger and Edward C. Taylor. In 1997, Peter Wipf joined Prof. Taylor as editor. This series attempts to make the extraordinarily complex and diverse held of heterocyclic chemistry as organized and readily accessible as possible. Each volume has traditionally dealt with syntheses, reactions, properties, structure, physical chemistry, and utility of compounds belonging to a specihc ring system or class (e.g., pyridines, thiophenes, pyrimidines, three-membered ring systems). This series has become the basic reference collection for information on heterocyclic compounds. 

T gap (cf. references collected in Table 1). This correlates well with a disfavored cyclic six-orbital interaction by the phase discontinuity in the triplet state of 7 [29] (shown in Fig. 11). In addition, TME is an important topological unit which appears frequently in many non-Kekule diradicals (as exemplified by 15-17 in Fig. 13). 

Acknowledgment We would like to show our respect for the great efforts of all authors, whose names were listed in the references. We wish to thank Dr. Yuji Suzuki for the reference collection. 

For standard or proprietary polymer additive blends there is the need for analytical certification of the components. Blend technology has been developed for two- to six-component polymer additive blend systems, with certified analytical results [81]. Finally, there exist physical collections of reference additive samples, both public [82] and proprietary. The Dutch Food Inspection Service reference collection comprises 100 of the most important additives used in food contact plastics [83-85]. Reference compounds of a broad range of additives used in commercial plastics and rubber formulations are generally also available from the major additive manufacturers. These additive samples can be used as reference or calibration standards for chromatographic or spectroscopic analysis. DSM Plastics Reference Collection of Additives comprises over 1400 samples. 

Plastics Reference Collection of Additives, Food Inspection Service, Utrecht, The Netherlands. 

The HS samples used in this work were obtained from the Standard and Reference Collection of HAs and FAs of the International Humic Substances Society (IHSS), with the exception of the HA from an alluvial soil. The origin and nature of HS, with the corresponding codes, abbreviations and concentrations used, are shown in Table 1. 

T.R. Sharp, H. Lee, A. Ferguson, K.N. Marsh and R.G. Harvey, Electron impact mass spectra of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons A reference collection. Presented at the 36th ASMS Conference on Mass Spectrometry and Allied Topics, San Francisco, CA, 5-10 June 1988. 

This approach will lead to a better understanding and improve the cross fertilization of ideas between scientists and engineers of many disciplines. The series will be of interest to all polymer scientists and engineers, providing excellent up-to-date coverage of diverse topics in polymer science, and thus will serve as an invaluable ongoing reference collection for any technical library. 

Throughout this chapter, the term cannabis is used to refer collectively to all of its products, unless otherwise specified. 

Then, to tidy up a bit and make absolutely sure of the relative retention times, I decided to run standards from my reference collection. Reference harmine gave the second peak with identical retention time and MS spectrum. It was when I injected a sample of my reference harmaline that I got my surprise. Here, a sample of E. Merck AG, Darmstadt yellow crystalline material labeled Harmalinhydrochlorid, was very much looking as if it was a mixture of about two parts harmaline and one part harmine. Only 70% pure Wow. 

Two publications by Burklin (References, Section 1.1, Part B) are devoted to standards of importance to the chemical industry. Listed are about 50 organizations and 60 topics with which they are concerned. National Bureau of Standards Publication 329 contains about 25,000 titles of U.S. standards. The NBS-SIS service maintains a reference collection of 200,000 items accessible by letter or phone. Information about foreign standards is obtainable through the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). 

Although there are only a limited number of methods that have been validated specifically for soft drinks, there are around 80 validated methods available for the analysis of fruit juices, most of which would work equally well for soft drinks. These methods are published in the International Fruit Juice Union (IFU) handbook of analytical procedures, which offers the best reference collection of methods for the analysis of fruit juices in the world, with new methods added on a regular basis (Anon, 2004a). The IFU s collection of analytical methods covers most of the main procedures required to assess the quality and authenticity of fruit juices and nectars. The methods are hsted on the IFU s website (http //www.ifu-fruitjuice.com) at the time of writing they cannot be purchased directly from there, but they can be obtained from the Swiss Fruit Union, Zug, and details of how to do this are given on the website. It is possible that at some time the methods will be made available directly from the website. 

Suggest a feasible structure on the basis of the mass spectral and any other evidence. Predict the mass spectrum of the postulated compound and compare with the unknown spectrum. Make any modification to the proposed structure which appears necessary. Check the mass spectral behaviour of compounds of similar structures by consulting appropriate reference collections. 

The present chapter is therefore dedicated to review the low temperature infrared spectroscopy of C60 and C70 fullerenes, C60H18 fullerane (one of the most stable hydrogenated derivative of fullerenes) and a mixture of hydrogenated fullerenes referred collectively as C60H/C70Hy. Additionally, also the gas phase spectra of C60 and C70 fullerenes will be shortly reviewed. 

First of all, a number of chromatographic and electrophoretic separation methods will be considered because in most cases unequivocal identification will be impossible without prior work-up of the dendrimer sample. The term chromatography refers collectively to physical separation methods by which mixtures of substances can be resolved into their various components by repeated equilibration between a stationary and a mobile phase. We shall now present a detailed consideration of the chromatographic techniques which can be used to solve separation problems in dendrimer chemistry. 

Standard reference collections. The Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory of NBS has been investigating the needs and uses of standard reference files or collections of select groups of forensic materials. 

Two standard reference collections have been constructed and are in the process of being distributed to crime laboratories in the United States. The first is a set of auto paint color chips for 197 domestic vehicles. Each set contains samples of approximately lltO colors plus information concerning the makes and models of automobiles on which each color was used. 

The actual color samples are in the form of l"xlV coated metal chips, housed in hinged plastic holders. While this reference collection is intended for color comparisons only, it is hoped that future research will allow for the distribution of corresponding chemical analysis data. 

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