Reeves projection

Rules of the Fischer Projection Mutarotation The Haworth Projection The Mills Projection The Reeves Projection Conformations of the Six-Membered Rings Conformations of the Five-Membered Rings Conformations of the Seven-Membered Rings Conformations of Fused Rings Steric Factors... 

Poz-O-Tec A flue-gas desulfurization process which produces a fibrous form of gypsum, convenient for disposal. In a demonstration project, an artificial reef was built from the product in the Atlantic Ocean near Fire Island, New York. Developed by IU Conversion Systems, Philadelphia, PA. 

Oppenheimer and O Neill project that if we could stabilize atmospheric concentrations of co2 at 450 ppmv (we re at 370 ppmv), then warming this century would probably be restricted to i.2°c-2.3°c. That would not save the coral reefs, but it might prevent a catastrophic rise in sea level or disruption of ocean currents. Unfortunately, as we will see, stabilizing at 550 ppmv is probably the best the planet can hope for, and even that will be a political and economic challenge as great as any the world has ever faced, one that requires immediate action.29... 

Sargent and Austin, 1949). These studies were followed by the landmark work of Odum and Odum (1955) and subsequendy the Symbios project in Eniwetok Atoll, Marshall Islands in the Pacific, (Webb and Wiebe, 1975 Webb 1975 Wiebeela/., 1975) which enabled a big picture idea of the net fluxes of nutrients cycUngon reefs. 

Figure 21.4 Summary of the m or effects of elevated nitrogen on coral reef processes from the ENCORE project, showing a gradation in responsiveness to nutrient additions as well as the individual effects of+N +P as well as combined effects of+N+P.

Hoegh-Guldberg, O. (2004a). Coral reefs and projections of future change. In Coral Health and Disease (Rosenberg, E., and Loya, Y., eds.). pp. 463-484. 

The atmospheric concentration of CO2 rose from 280 ppm in 1800 to 370 ppm in 2000, mainly due to the consumption of fossil fuels. This increase in CO2 concentration is expected to have various environmental and ecological effects. For example, doubling of the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere reduces the rate of calcium carbonate deposition in coral reefs by 30-40%.Most of this rise has occurred over the last few decades, and, unless action is taken, the projected growth over the 21st century could lead to a doubling or tripling of the preindustrial level of C02. Unlike for SO2 emission, the total accumulation of CO2 matters rather than the rate of CO2 emission. Oceanic uptake of CO2 can compensate for some emissions, but this uptake will collapse once CO2... 

Kinzie III, R.A., Mackenzie, F.T., Smith, S.V. and Stimson, J. (2001) CISNet linkages between a tropical watershed and reef ecosystems. Project 98-NCERQA, NOAA, 23 pp. 

While the project was constructed without major incident, some considered that the construction of the reefs was a hazardous operation and, due to the high accretion, they now pose a public safety issue. The construction operations were particularly hazardous as they involved marine plant working close to rock structures in the surf zone. The accretion behind the reef and subsequent public access means that health and safety issues will be a problem for the whole design life. The environment used to consist of a naturally sloping sandy beach but now includes an accessible rock reef which is hazardous to climb and with deep water existing on the seaward side of the structure. 

The solution adopted probably provided the best option at that location. However, it is important to recognise that health and safety issues should receive full attention at the project inception stage when the fimdamental decisions of the optimum solution are reached. This is especially important in coastal engineering where early consideration to the health and safety implication of each option can enable risks to be avoided. For instance, a beach recharge alone has a very different risk profile to an offshore reef but sometimes these decisions are made before the formal design process commences. Incorporating a formal risk assessment process from project inception enables these questions to be addressed. 

R. A. Edward and S. D. A. Smith, Optimising biodiversity of macro invertebrates on artificial reefs, Poster presentation AMSA National Conf., Brisbane, Australia (2003). J. Fowler and E. Trainer, Overview of geocontainers projects in the United States, Proc. Western, Dredging Conf., USA (1998). 

Bales of waste tyres have been used for many years in large construction projects, and this method of re-use was the subject of a report published by the UK Department of the Enviromnent, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) in 2001 [74]. This report reviewed the international literature that was available on baled tyres, in particular the long-term behaviour and stability of the tyres and the metal that binds them together, when used in marine environments (e.g., artificial reefs), watery environments (e.g., flood defence or river management) or acid peat bogs, in order to assess their environmental impact. The scope of the review also included examining baled tyres encased in concrete. As dictated by the waste protocols, tyres may be baled... 

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