Surf zone

Hunt (1985) has measured the concentration of Pu in coastal silt at Newbiggin, about 1 km from the Eskmeals site, and Fig. 5.9 shows a comparison of the concentrations in air and in silt. The observed Pu in air corresponds to the presence of 0.6 /ug of silt per m3. Resuspension of silt particles from dried-out areas near the shore line may contribute, but the main source is probably spray from the surf zone offshore. 

Robertson, A.I. and Lucas, J.S., Food choice, feeding rates and the turnover of macrophyte biomass by a surf-zone inhabiting amphipod, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 72, 99, 1983. 

In this context, the aim of this study is to use a microscale (5 cm resolution) two-dimensional sampler to investigate (i) the heterogeneity of the microscale distributions of phytoplankton biomass and bulk-phase seawater viscosity, (ii) the potential changes in these distributions over the course of a P. globosa spring bloom and (iii) the nature of the correlation between seawater viscosity and phytoplankton before, during and after the formation of foam in the turbulent surf zone. 

Fig. 2 Two-dimensional distributions of chlorophyll a concentrations (pg I ) and seawater excess viscosity (%) before the spring phytoplankton bloom (A) and during the spring bloom before foam formation in the turbulent surf zone (B).

Cockcroft, A. C., and McLachlan, A. (1987). Nitrogen regeneration by the surf zone penaeid prawn Macropetasma africanus. Mar. Biol. 96, 343—348. 

Duce R. A. and Woodcock A. H. (1971) Dilference in chemical composition of atmospheric sea salt particles produced in the surf zone and on the open sea in Hawaii. Tellus 23,427—435. 

One Tree Island surf zone pavement Seaward reef-flats Algal pavement with some soft algal cover 23°S 170 45 125... 

One sponge species found in many coastal zones is the breadcrumb sponge (Halichondria panicea). Green to yellow crusts of the sponge creep across rocks and can cover an area of several feet. Breadcrumb sponges can be found as thin mats in the energetic surf zones, but in quiet tide pools, they form thicker masses. 

Druet C., Massel S., Bittern, B., 1976b. Transformation of wind waves in the surf zone. In Properties and transformation of hydrodynamical processes in coastal zone of nontidal sea. Gdynia, Morski Instytut Rybacki, pp. 107-120. 

Figure 3.10. Global distribution of the potential vorticity on the 850 K isentropic surface during a wintertime planetary wave event. The shaded region over the Pacific ocean with a weak gradient is characterized by nonlinear wave dissipation and strong quasi-horizontal mixing. This region is referred to as the surf zone . Wind vectors are also indicated and provide information about large-scale transport. Courtesy of A. O Neill, University of Reading, UK.

Figure 3.25. Schematic representation of the wave-driven transport circulation (solid lines with arrows) in the winter stratosphere. The shaded area represents the surf zone where meridional mixing associated with wavebreaking is taking place. Light dashed lines represent isentropes. The heavy dashed line shows a constant mixing ratio surface of a long-lived tracer. The dotted line represents the tropopause. Adapted from Holton and Alexander (2000).

Plate 4. Ozone volume mixing ratio on the 417 K isentropic surface (approximately 16 km altitude) on 31 December 1991. Filaments of ozone-rich air pulled from the polar region are irreversibly mixed into the mid-latitude surf zone. The net effect is to weaken the latitudinal ozone gradient created by the Brewer-Dobon circulation. From NASA. 

Much of the bottom of the Sound within the wave-affected zone is sandy. In some localities where the shore is bedrock, deposits of muddy sediment form up to the surf zone. This is possible because mud is trapped in mats of algae that mantle the bottom near the shore. Muddy material also accumulates in the dredged shipping channels of the harbors along the Connecticut shore at an average rate of 4 mm/yr, as computed from records of maintenance dredging (Bokuniewicz and Gordon, 1979). The surface area and volume of all of these deposits is small compared to the area and volume of the muddy sediment below the wave-affected zone. The rest of this article deals mostly with these deep mud deposits. 

The initial conditions at the start of the marine regime in the Sound at 8000-yr bp are shown in Fig. 15. Lacustrine mud had accumulated on part of the bottom of the lake formed behind the Mattituck sill. The sill itself, and the lake floor surrounding the lacustrine mud, was formed of deposits of glacial outwash. Most of this outwash, already submerged in fresh water, was not subject to reworking under the advancing surf zone. Small... 

Help scientists learn about maneuvering in surf zone, where most mines are. Researchers hope to build robots based on the lobster to locate mines... 

Figure 4.5. Rescue in the surf zone once things go wrong is particularly hazardous...

Working in the surf zone can be particularly hazardous. The issues to consider include ... 

A manned safely boat in the surf zone is a major hazard and its use should be carefully planned. 

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