Reduction factor defined

McElvain (1974) published data on the effects of solids on pump performance. He worked on the concept of the head and efficiency reduction factors defined as ... 

The virus reduction factor of an individual purification or removal—inactivation step is defined as the log10 of the ratio of the virus load in the pre-purification material divided by the virus load in the post-purification material. A clearance factor for each stage can be calculated and the overall clearance capacity of the production process assessed. Total virus reduction is calculated as the sum of individual log reduction factors. Individual manufacturing steps must possess fundamentally different mechanisms of virus removal or inactivation in order for values to be considered cumulative. Additionally, because viruses vary greatly with regard to inactivation or removal profiles, only data for the same model virus can be cumulative. 

The operators in equation (3) act within the ground manifold possessing S = j and L = 1 (k is the orbital reduction factor, ge is the electronic g-factor). The axial (trigonal) component of the crystal field directed along the C3-axis is defined as a linear combination of the irreducible tensors of Oh that becomes scalar in the... 

Hence, the reduction df results to decrease Df that is the main factor defining the diffusivity D reduction (the equations (2) and (6)) and, as consequence, x50 rise (the equation (1)). It will be noted also, that comparatively small variation Df (about 20%) determines strong (eightfold) change D and, as consequence, x50 in virtue of power-type dependence of the equation (2) typical for fractal relationships. 

For the treatment of low and intermediate level wastes, three processes are generally adopted, namely, chemical precipitation, ion exchange, and evaporation. The efficiency of the treatment scheme is judged by the values of decontamination factor (DF) and volume reduction factors (VRFs), which are defined as follows ... 

The first factor, defined as the linear combination of the original variables, obtained by the above described procedure will account for more of the variance in the data set than any other combination of variables. The second factor will be the linear combination of variables that accounts for most of the residual variance after the effect of the first factor has been removed from the data. Subsequent factors are defined similarly until all variance in the data is exhausted. In case the original variables are uncorrelated, the factor analysis solution requires as many factors as there are variables. However, in most data sets, many variables are more or less correlated and the variance in the data can be described by a smaller set of factors than there are variables. Therefore the data reduction is applicable. 

In addition to reduced friction factors (reduced momentum transfer), the heat transfer abilities of DR solutions are also greatly reduced. This may be caused by the thickened viscous boundary layers of DR flow and/or by reduced velocity fluctuations perpendicular to the flow.f Heat transfer reduction is defined as ... 

It is essential to establish certain criteria to evaluate the synthesized compounds, in particular their radioprotective effectiveness and their toxicity. For each of the molecules we synthesize, first we evaluate its acute (48 hours) and medium-term (2-30 days) toxicity in male Swiss CD1 mouse. The molecule is injected intraperitonally at different concentrations to determine the LD5o,ox/48h/ defined as the concentration which kills 50% ofthe animals at 48 hours. Then, radioprotective effectiveness is determined in the same animal model. In a preliminary study, the product is administered at the maximum tolerated dose (defined as 1/2 LD5otox/48h) 15 or 90 minutes before radiation exposure at doses LD,ooirr/3od nd LD,ooirr/3od + 2 Gy (LD,ooirr/3od is defined as the irradiation dose which kills 100% of the animals 30 days after exposure). Survival is observed for 30 days. In a second experiment we determine the Dose Reduction Factor (DRF) for the most radioprotective compounds. DRF is the ratio between the LDsoirr/sod of treated mice and that of non treated mice. 

Permeability reduction, or pore blocking, is caused by polymer adsorption. Therefore, rock permeability is reduced when a polymer solution is flowing through it, compared with the permeability when water is flowing. This permeability reduction is defined by the permeability reduction factor (Fkr) ... 

Note Eq. 5.40 defines the term residual permeability reduction factor. In the literature (Jennings et al., 1971 Bondor et al., 1972 Sorbie, 1991 Green and Willhite, 1998 UTCHEM-9.0, 2000), the term residual resistance factor (Frr) is used to represent the residual permeability reduction factor (F]j ). Their residual resistance factor is defined as ... 

Resistance is related to mobility, which includes the effects of both permeability reduction and viscosity increase. Obviously, the viscosity effect is not included in the residual resistance factor defined in Eq. 5.41 because water viscosity is used before and after polymer flow. Such a name convention is confusing. Therefore, we suggest the terms permeability reduction factor and residual permeability reduction factor be used. If the process were considered reversible, there would be no need for the term of residual permeability reduction factor. To include both permeability reduction and viscosity increase, we define another parameter, resistance factor (F,) ... 

Foam Effectiveness in Porous Media. No generally accepted correlations exist between foam characteristics measured outside the porous medium and foam effectiveness as a gas mobility-reducing agent in porous media. The performance of the nine surfactants that passed the solubility criteria was therefore evaluated in porous media under typical reservoir conditions. The results of such an evaluation can be expressed in several ways. One of the simplest measures of foam effectiveness, and arguably the most straightforward one, is the mobility-reduction factor (MRF). The MRF is defined as the ratio of pressure gradients across a... 

The specific arrangement of the different tei-ms clearly shows the rationale of the model the first term is the total capacity of tiie carbon (W. We) for a given vapour divided by the total amount of vapour entering the filter per unit of time (Q.ci ). In other words, this is the time the filter would resist if the adsorption was instantaneous and the adsorption front (see Flg.20) would have zero depth. After r = tj the concentration at the outlet of the filter would jump from zero to c, . In reality, the adsorption front has a certain width, and there are vapour molecules in front of the saturated part of the filter (see Fig.20). Consequently, the breaktlTrough time will be shortened by the second term. This term is of course a function of the reduction factor R i.e. the point chosen on the breakthrougli curve to define the... 

In addition to the terms defined above, there is an amplitude reduction factor which allows for the multi-electron processes at the central atom such as shake up and shake off. Difficulties arise from the estimation of the back-scattering factors and phase shifts. These are sometimes considered to be empirical parameters... 

Highly replicated testing, which is qualitatively defined as 10 or more measurements for both n and m. substantially reduces the perturbation of the random deviations. The reduction factor is the reciprocal of the square root of either n or m, and the use of 10 is given as an example only. It is assumed that this number for n and m reduces the random deviations to a negligible value compared to the magnitude of the biases. Using this gives a mean value T(5.io), which is perturbed by bias components only. 

A reduction in the g factor below the value expected for a completely ionic complex is frequently observed and an interpretation is possible in terms of the effect of covalency on the orbital magnetic moment. The delocalization of spin on to the ligands reduces the orbital moment associated with the magnetic cation, and hence any orbital contribution to the g factor. An orbital reduction factor kt) is defined ... 

The very rapid cooling rates needed to define dt values do not occur often and, thus, a second TSR parameter 2ft is sometimes used. This approach introduces the other important material parameter, thermal conductivity. For slow cooling rates, it is found that the stress reduction factor is 0.31 jS and is, thus, inversely dependent on thermal conductivity. If this condition is introduced, 2ft is defined... 

---